Togo: Score Justification Summary

2026

1.1 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

1.1.1 AMR surveillance, detection and reporting

1.1.1a National plan for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has a national AMR plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report, August 19-23, 2024 in section P4 observes that Togo's AMR plan had expired and a new plan was being developed. ¹ Togo's National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2023 (Plan d’action national de lutte contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Togo 2019-2023), published in December 2018 by the Ministry of Health, is publicly available. Among its key objectives were to "Strengthen knowledge and evidence bases through monitoring and research" including through sub-objectives like centralizing AMR data nationally, integrating AMR monitoring into existing health surveillance, and making monitoring results public. ²

There is no evidence of a follow-up AMR plan having been published on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸

An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027. ⁹ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the mentioned Togolese public authorities nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens. ¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹ Togo's WHO Strategic Partnership Portal page only notes that the country has "conducted" a National Action Plan for Health Security in 2025. ²⁰

1.1.1b Capacity of national lab/lab system to test for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 50

There is evidence that Togo has a national laboratory which tests for some but not all of the 7 +1 priority antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) Executive Summary mentions that "Reference laboratories such as the National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory are able to detect priority pathogens." ²¹ Regarding the country's overall laboratory system, however, the JEE in section P4 concludes that priority and multi-resistant pathogens are not (routinely) tested for AMR, and that integration of data into the national system is poor as a result of insufficient standardization.

The 2018 JEE mentions the existence of sentinel sites which test for the following priority AMR pathogens: S. aureus that is resistant to meticillin, and S. pneumoniae. ²²

In its 2022 Antimicrobial resistance TrACSS county report, Togo reported that it had "developed" a "National surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans", whereas for veterinary health it scored the same indicator "none" and "limited" for aquatic and terrestrial animal respectively. Regarding critically important bacteria it responded that it "has one or more reference lab/s performing susceptibility testing for some of the bacteria listed". ²³ The 2024 JEE confirms that as of August 2024 some surveillance of AMR takes place in the human health sector, but in the animal health sector no systematic surveillance occurs at all. ²⁴

1.1.1c National environmental surveillance for AMR residues/organisms

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that the government conducts environmental detection or surveillance activities for antimicrobial residues in Togo.

In its 2022 Antimicrobial resistance TrACSS county report, Togo reported that it did not have a national assessment of antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms in the environment, and that it did not have a system for regular monitoring of antimicrobial compounds and their metabolites (or residues) and resistant bacteria or antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in water quality. ²⁵

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) has a section on AMR (P4), but it does not mention environmental detection or surveillance activities for antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms. ²⁶ The JEE concludes that while in the human health sector some surveillance of AMR takes place, in the animal health sector no systematic surveillance occurs.

Togo's National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2023 (Plan d’action national de lutte contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Togo 2019-2023), published in December 2018 by the Ministry of Health, states that at the time the country had no reference laboratory for the environmental sector, and that any environmental tests would be conducted by the reference laboratories in human and animal health. ²⁷

1.1.2 Antimicrobial control

1.1.2a National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (humans)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence of any national legislation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for humans and no evidence that a legislation is being enforced.

The 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations mentions in section P.3.4 that prescriptions for the delivery of antibiotics to humans are not required. ²⁸ Section P4 of the 2024 JEE states that no legislative and regulatory framework for preventing AMR is in place. ²⁹ It also notes that where antibiotics are dispensed based on prescription, they are most of the time not guided by results of bacteriological analyses.

The National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2023 (Plan d’action national de lutte contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Togo 2019-2023), published in December 2018 by the Ministry of Health, confirms that as of 2018 there were no guidelines for prescribing and dispensing antimicrobials. ³⁰ It includes as an objective "draft guidelines for prescribing and dispensing antimicrobials in each sector (human, animal, and environmental health)."

Regarding enforcement of drug regulation, the National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2023 notes that "The drug supply chain is not controlled and there are drugs of dubious origin in the country. There is a significant volume of drugs on the streets in the country." It also observes that low insurance coverage leads many patients to buy without prescription, limiting the effect of regulation of drug prescription. ³¹

1.1.2b National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (animals)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence of any legislation requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for animals in Togo and no evidence that any legislation is being enforced.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo conducted in April 2018 mentions that prescriptions for the delivery of antibiotics to animals are not required. ³² Section P4 of the 2024 JEE states that no legislative and regulatory framework for preventing AMR is in place, and it does not mention prescriptions for antibiotic use for animals. ³³

The National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2019-2023 (Plan d’action national de lutte contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens au Togo 2019-2023), published in December 2018 by the Ministry of Health, confirms that as of 2018 there were no guidelines for prescribing and dispensing antimicrobials. ³⁴ It includes as an objective "draft guidelines for prescribing and dispensing antimicrobials in each sector (human, animal, and environmental health)."

1.2 Zoonotic disease

1.2.1 National planning for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.1a Laws/plans on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

Togo has national legislation and plans for zoonotic disease prioritzation, detection and reporting, but the plan has not yet been activated and is not publicly available.

Togo's One Health Coordination Platform, established by interministerial decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR of June 14, 2023 aims to strengthen capacity for disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness across sectoral ministries of health, agriculture, and environment through a technical coordination team, a monitoring and evaluation plan, and quarterly action plans. ³⁶³⁷ The platform was set up as a result of Togo receiving funds through the World Bank's Pandemic Fund in 2023, and was supported by the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, UNICEF, as well as Togo's ministries of health, agriculture, and environment. ³⁸ Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR, however, is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor are other relevant recent decrees listed in the JEE as "Supporting documents provided by the host country". ³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹

In the absence of active One Health strategy, Togo's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries uses Epidemiological-Surveillance of Animal Diseases in Togo (Réseau d'Epidémiosurveillance des maladies Animales au Togo, REMATO) and the Ministry of Health uses Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response. ⁴² Per the 2024 JEE the latter does have a draft list of priority zoonoses, and the former has specific guidelines for animal diseases with high public health effects.

Togo's currently ongoing Project to Support Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies in Togo (Projet d’appui au renforcement de la préparation et de la réponse aux urgences sanitaires au Togo, PREPRUS-Togo), funded by the World Bank Pandemic Fund and implemented together with the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNICEF, includes an objective of improving surveillance of "diseases with epidemic potential and zoonoses". ⁴³ No project document, however, was found on the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment. ⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶ A February 2025 Togolese Republic report does mention a FAO grant of equipment under PREPRUS-Togo to the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment with the aim of improving zoonotic disease surveillance. ⁴⁷

The National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, does list on its website having participated in various international research projects on zoonotic disease detection, including avian influenza. ⁴⁸ The website does not mention national legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy documents for this. ⁴⁹

In November 2024 Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) participated in a national intersectoral workshop on the United Nation's (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) manual. ⁵⁰ The workshop was organized by the Togolese government and FAO and included a focus on spillover risks (both zoonotic and international). The Central Veterinary Laboratory does not have a website.

In Togo's 2024 IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) the category "zoonotic diseases" was identified as one of the "top challenges" with a score of 20%. ⁵¹

1.2.1b Laws/plans on zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has national legislation, plans or equivalent strategy document(s) which includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans.

Togo's One Health Coordination Platform, established by interministerial decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR of June 14, 2023 aims to strengthen capacity for disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness across sectoral ministries of health, agriculture, and environment through a technical coordination team, a monitoring and evaluation plan, and quarterly action plans. ⁵³⁵⁴ The platform was set up as a result of Togo receiving funds through the World Bank's Pandemic Fund in 2023, and was supported by the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, UNICEF, as well as Togo's ministries of health, agriculture, and environment. ⁵⁵ Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR, however, is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor are other relevant recent decrees listed in the JEE as "Supporting documents provided by the host country", i.e. no information is available to confirm whether the One Health policy includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans. ⁵⁶⁵⁷⁵⁸

In the absence of active One Health strategy, Togo's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries uses Epidemiological-Surveillance of Animal Diseases in Togo (Réseau d'Epidémiosurveillance des maladies Animales au Togo, REMATO) and the Ministry of Health uses Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response. ⁵⁹ Per the 2024 JEE the latter does have a draft list of priority zoonoses, and the former has specific guidelines for animal diseases with high public health effects.

The National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, does list on its website having participated in various international research projects on zoonotic disease detection, including avian influenza. ⁶⁰ The website does not mention national legislation, plans or equivalent strategy document(s) which includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events. ⁶¹

In November 2024 Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) participated in a national intersectoral workshop on the United Nation's (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) manual. ⁶² The workshop was organized by the Togolese government and FAO and included a focus on spillover risks (both zoonotic and international). The Central Veterinary Laboratory does not have a website.

In Togo's 2024 IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) the category "zoonotic diseases" was identified as one of the "top challenges" with a score of 20%. ⁶³

Togo's currently ongoing Project to Support Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies in Togo (Projet d’appui au renforcement de la préparation et de la réponse aux urgences sanitaires au Togo, PREPRUS-Togo), funded by the World Bank Pandemic Fund and implemented together with the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNICEF, includes an objective of improving surveillance of "diseases with epidemic potential and zoonoses". ⁶⁴ No project document, however, was found on the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment. ⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁷

1.2.1c Laws/plans for surveillance & control of multiple zoonotic pathogens

Score: 100

Togo has national legislation and plans that account for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens of public health concern through its Epidemiological-Surveillance of Animal Diseases and its Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response; there is no publicly available evidence that its yet-to-be-implemented One Health policy accounts for this.

Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁷²⁷³⁷⁴

In the absence of active One Health strategy, Togo's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries uses Epidemiological-Surveillance of Animal Diseases in Togo and the Ministry of Health uses Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response. ⁷⁵ Per the 2024 JEE the latter does have a draft list of priority zoonoses, and the former has specific guidelines for animal diseases with high public health effects.

The National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, lists diseases with epidemic potential currently under its surveillance, including the following zoonotic diseases: Seasonal influenza (A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, B/Yam/Vic), highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1), other avian influenza (A/H7N9, A/H3N2variant, etc.); COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), viral hemorrhagic fevers and arboviruses (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley Fever, Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika). It also mentions having participated in various international research projects on zoonotic disease detection, including avian influenza. ⁷⁶

In November 2024 Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) participated in a national intersectoral workshop on the United Nation's (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) manual. ⁷⁷ The workshop was organized by the Togolese government and FAO and included a focus on spillover risks (both zoonotic and international). The Central Veterinary Laboratory does not have a website.

Togo's currently ongoing Project to Support Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies in Togo (Projet d’appui au renforcement de la préparation et de la réponse aux urgences sanitaires au Togo, PREPRUS-Togo), funded by the World Bank Pandemic Fund and implemented together with the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNICEF, includes an objective of improving surveillance of "diseases with epidemic potential and zoonoses". ⁷⁸ No project document, however, was found on the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment. ⁷⁹⁸⁰⁸¹

1.2.1d Cross-ministerial department/agency/unit for zoonotic disease

Score: 0

Togo has set up a platform as a multi-sectoral co-ordinating mechanism dedicated to zoonotic disease that functions across ministries, but there is no evidence that it has acted as multi-sectoral co-ordinating mechanism yet.

Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR, is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, and beyond the news article reporting on its inaugurating event in 2023, these websites also do not include any page for or reference to the One Health Coordination Platform. ⁸⁵⁸⁶⁸⁷⁸⁸

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section P5 notes that as of August 2024 the platform was not yet functional as focal points were yet to be designated and meeting to be held. It also states that current legal provisions do not fully allow Togo's national focal point for IHR implementaton to carry out its mandate. ⁸⁹

In Togo's 2024 IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) the indicator "One Health collaborative efforts across sectors on activities to address zoonoses" received the lowest score. ⁹⁰

1.2.1e Presence of One Health strategic plan

Score: 0

Togo does not have a One Health strategic plan in place yet. ⁹¹⁹²⁹³⁹⁴

1.2.2 Surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.2a Surveillance/reporting mechanism for zoonotic disease for livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a national mechanism (either voluntary or mandatory) for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo section P5 on Zoonoses does not mention a national mechanism for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency. ⁹⁵ According to the JEE, Togo's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries has a surveillance system titled Epidemiological-Surveillance of Animal Diseases in Togo (Réseau d'Epidémiosurveillance des maladies Animales au Togo, REMATO), which has guidelines for priority zoonoses, but no reporting requirements for owners of livestock are specified.

There is no evidence of a national mechanism (either voluntary or mandatory) for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency on the websites of the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁹⁶⁹⁷⁹⁸⁹⁹¹⁰⁰

1.2.2b Laws/regulations on data confidentiality to protect livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that there are laws or guidelines that safeguard the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals (for owners) in Togo. There is no relevant information available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, and in the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE). ¹⁰¹¹⁰²¹⁰³¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷

1.2.2c Wildlife zoonotic disease surveillance

Score: 100

Togo conducts surveillance of zoonotic disease in wildlife, poultry and livestock.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section R1 highlights as a strength that "Togo has risk surveillance systems in place through DSIUSR, REMATO, and surveillance of diseases and events with epidemic potential in wildlife". The JEE also concludes in section D2 that Togo implements integrated surveillance including in the animal and environmental sectors, including through community-based monitoring and through regional and district focal points and stakeholders in the animal health sector. It does criticize that the animal health sector has yet to implement an electronic system for recording and storing surveillance data. ¹⁰⁸

In November 2024 Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) participated in a national intersectoral workshop on the United Nation's (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Good Emergency Management Practice (GEMP) manual. ¹⁰⁹ The workshop was organized by the Togolese government and FAO and included a focus on spillover risks (both zoonotic and international). An official of Oti-Kéran-Mandouri National Park also attended and highlighted the significance of surveillance in protected areas, but the article does not describe the extend or nature of the surveillance conducted by the Togolese authorities.

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a strategic focus (number 4) on responses to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ¹¹¹ The PNDS mentions an aim to improve capacity for detecting zoonoses, and it also mentions cases of detected zoonotic diseases, but it does not describe the country's surveillance of zoonotic disease in wildlife, poultry and livestock.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a similar strategic focus (OS3) as the PNDS. ¹¹² The document states that "all events or outbreaks that have occurred over the past five years have been investigated within 48 hours of notification", but does not specify if notification was obtained through active surveillance of zoonotic disease in wildlife, poultry and livestock.

1.2.3 International reporting of animal disease outbreaks

1.2.3a Annual reporting to OIE on zoonotic disease incidence

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence of a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH).

Togo is a member of the WOAH, and the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) mentions in section P6 that a national WOAH focal point has been designated. ¹¹³¹¹⁴

1.2.4 Animal health workforce

1.2.4a Number of veterinarians per 100,000 people

Score: 1.23

1.2.4b Number of veterinary para-professionals per 100,000 people

Score: 34.24

1.2.5 Private sector and zoonotic disease

1.2.5a Inclusion of private sector in national plan/law on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo's zoonotic disease plans include mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) identifies efforts made by the Togolese government towards establishing a One Health approach to zoonotic disease, but assesses that its new One Health Coordination Platform is not yet functional. ¹¹⁵ Togo's One Health Coordination Platform, established by interministerial decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR of June 14, 2023 aims to strengthen capacity for disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness across sectoral ministries of health, agriculture, and environment through a technical coordination team, a monitoring and evaluation plan, and quarterly action plans. ¹¹⁶¹¹⁷ Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR, however, is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor are other relevant recent decrees listed in the JEE as "Supporting documents provided by the host country", allowing no confirmation of whether the Platform includes private sector cooperation. ¹¹⁸¹¹⁹¹²⁰

The National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, and the National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, do not mention mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses. ¹²¹¹²²

No further relevant information was identified in the 2024 JEE or on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ¹²³¹²⁴¹²⁵¹²⁶

1.3 Biosecurity

1.3.1 Whole-of-government biosecurity systems

1.3.1a Updated national records of especially dangerous pathogen/toxin inventories

Score: 50

Togo has tracked facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, but there is insufficient evidence of a record with details on inventory management .

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) states that the country has "started to identify and maintain an inventory of pathogens, dangerous toxins and other substances within the structures that store or handle them" and that "an inventory of pathogens by structure was drawn up", but it warns that the "inventory of dangerous pathogens should be carried out frequently". ¹²⁷ The National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory are certified ISO 35001. ¹²⁸ Given that the previous JEE, which was conducted in April 2018, still recommended setting up the mentioned inventory, Togo's efforts to introduce it took place after April 2018.

The national inventory is not publicly available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, and there is no evidence that the inventory includes details on inventories and inventory management systems of those facilities. ¹²⁹¹³⁰¹³¹¹³²¹³³¹³⁴

Law No. 2009-001 on the Prevention of Biotechnological Risks in articles 68-78 sets out requirements for biotechnological risk assessments to be carried out by facilities handlings GMOs, including the requirement to share the results of the assessment, but the law does not mention how the data is integrated in a national record. ¹³⁵

1.3.1b Biosecurity laws on facility security for especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

Togo has biosecurity provisions included in other legislation and/or regulations, but no specific law related solely to biosecurity which outlines specific requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities.

Togo has submitted Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) confidence building measures reports in 2023, 2024, and 2025. ¹³⁶ While the reports are not publicly available on the website of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, the Database of National Implementation Measures of the BWC does provide a list of five Togolese laws that include provisions ratifying the BWC and provisions that are otherwise relevant to the BWC's biosecurity regulations. ¹³⁷

First, Togo has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention through Law No. 2015-010 of 24 November 2015 Promulgating the New Penal Code. ¹³⁸¹³⁹ Articles 561 and 562 of the Penal Code jointly prohibit the transfer, development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, or retention of microbiological or other biological agents, toxins, regardless of their origin or method of production, of types and quantities not intended for prophylactic, protective, or other purposes. Article 734(2) prohibits the transport on board a ship of a biological weapon knowing that it is a biological weapon. Articles 561, 739, 744 prohibit participatory offenses such as assistance, financing, etc. Article 86 of the same law authorizes the seizure of material related to offenses. ¹⁴⁰ The Penal Code does not outline physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities.

Law No. 2008-005 on the Framework Law on the Environment, Law No. 96-007/PR of 3 July 1996 on Plant Protection, and Law No. 2009-001 of 6 January 2009 on the Prevention of Biotechnological Risks also have provisions overseeing the cross-border transfer of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential, e.g. prohibiting the import and transit of hazardous waste and requiring a license for the import and export of controlled articles such as plant pests and GMOs. ¹⁴¹ Law No. 2009-007 on the Health Code of the Togolese Republic in Section 4 provides regulation for the licensing of medical biology laboratories. The section does not list specific requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems. ¹⁴² Law No. 2018-026 on Cybersecurity and the Fight against Cybercrime in article 6 addresses cybersecurity for critical infrastructure. Article 3 states that a separate degree determines how the National Cybersecurity Agency (Agence nationale de la Cybersécurité) should decide which infrastructure counts as "critical". ¹⁴³ Law No. 2008-005 on the Framework Law on the Environment includes provisions measures relating to the licensing of facilities handling hazardous waste, provions prohibiting the import of toxins, and provisions assigning responsibilities to public institutions regarding risks of major industrial accidents or technological disasters. ¹⁴⁴ It does not, however, outline specific requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities. ¹⁴⁵

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 mentions that Togo has published a national biosafety and biosecurity framework including a law on the prevention of biotechnological risks, a national biosafety-biosecurity manual, a national guide for the transport of infectious substances, and a biorisk management system per ISO 35001 for its two reference laboratories in human and veterinary health, the National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory. ¹⁴⁶ The JEE criticzes, however, that no incident reporting system was set up yet and that its inventory of dangerous pathogens is not regularly updated, highlighting that its biosecurity regulations are not sufficiently implemented. The national biosafety-biosecurity manual is not publicly available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ¹⁴⁷¹⁴⁸¹⁴⁹

1.3.1c Agency for enforcement of biosecurity laws/regulations

Score: 0

Togo does not have a dedicated agency responsible for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 mentions that a Togolese Association for Biosecurity and Biological Safety (l'Association togolaise de biosécurité et de sûreté biologique (ATBSS)) and a Technical Working Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity were installed by the Togolese government. ¹⁵¹ The ATBSS was created by the Ministry of Health in 2022; according to the website of the International Federation of Biosafety Associations its objectives are "Raise awareness of the concepts of Biosafety and Biosecurity among human and animal health professionals, Train human and animal health professionals in biological risk mitigation measures, Combat the proliferation of biological weapons, Promote proper management of biological waste, Promote good microbiological practices in healthcare establishments, Participate in the development of biosafety and biosecurity policy and legislation". ¹⁵² The ATBSS does not have a website but it does host a Facebook page where it has published some posts about its activities. ¹⁵³ Neither the ATBSS nor the Technical Working Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity constitute dedicated agencies for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations.

Togo's National Cybersecurity Agency implements Law No. 2018-026 on Cybersecurity and the Fight against Cybercrime; the agency provides cybersecurity for Togo's critical infrastructure. ¹⁵⁴

Togo's Framework Law on the Environment (Law No. 2008-005) is implemented by the National Agency of Environmental Management under the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. ¹⁵⁵ The mandate of this agency with respect to biosecurity is focused on GMO-related matters. ¹⁵⁶

The Ministry of Security and Civil Protection mentions enforcing Decree No. 2021-086/PR of August 25, 2021, On the Rules, Conditions, and Procedures for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Sea, but does not provide detail on its provisions, and the Decree itself is not available on its website. ¹⁵⁷ The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, lists a Prevention and Alert Division including sections on natural and technological risk, but no further information about this Division is available on its website. ¹⁵⁸

1.3.1d Consolidation of especially dangerous pathogens into minimum # of facilities

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) states that the country has "started to identify and maintain an inventory of pathogens, dangerous toxins and other substances within the structures that store or handle them" and that "an inventory of pathogens by structure was drawn up", but it warns that the "inventory of dangerous pathogens should be carried out frequently". ¹⁵⁹ The JEE does not mention any efforts to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, has in 2022 published a Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC) and a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC). ¹⁶⁰¹⁶¹ Neither the ORSEC nor the PNC mentions action by Togo to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, lists a Prevention and Alert Division including sections on natural and technological risk, but no further information about this Division is available on its website. ¹⁶²

The national inventory is not publicly available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, and there is no evidence on these websites that the country has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities. ¹⁶³¹⁶⁴¹⁶⁵¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷¹⁶⁸

1.3.1e Capacity to conduct tests for anthrax/Ebola without culturing live pathogens

Score: 0

There is insufficient public evidence of in-country capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic testing for anthrax and/or Ebola, which would preclude culturing a live pathogen.

Togo's National Institute of Hygiene (INH) mentions Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic testing capacity on its website, and it also mentions having participated in a Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) project on capacity building for real-time surveillance and rapid response to Ebola from 2015 until 2018. ¹⁶⁹ The website does not specify if the laboratory's PCR capacity is applied to anthrax or Ebola.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) does not state whether Togo has capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic testing for anthrax and/or Ebola, but it does say that the INH "stands out for its modern diagnostic platforms (bacteriology, molecular biology, and sequencing), ISO IEC 17025, ISO 15189, and World Health Organization (WHO) accreditations". ¹⁷⁰

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, has in 2022 published a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC). ¹⁷¹ The PNC includes planning for the contingency of an Ebola and/or athrax outbreak, and mentions "Existence of a Level 2 laboratory" as capacity in such a case, but does not state whether capacity includes PCR diagnostic testing which would preclude culturing a live pathogen. ¹⁷²

No further information about Togo's PCR testing capacity is available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ¹⁷³¹⁷⁴¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸

1.3.2 Biosecurity training and practices

1.3.2a Biosecurity training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

Togo requires biosecurity training but there is only evidence of it being provided on an ad hoc basis.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 states that biosecurity training is integrated in training curricula, but that no comprehensive training aligned with staff members' different roles and risk profiles has been implemented yet: While training modules have been designed and staff does receive some training, the JEE recommends setting up a consistent schedule, increasing certification in biorisk management, and monitoring maintenance of biosecurity expertise in institutions. ¹⁷⁹ The National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory are certified ISO 35001. ¹⁸⁰

The National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, does state on its website that its virology team receives regular training in biosecurity. ¹⁸¹

Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website, and no further relevant information is available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ¹⁸²¹⁸³¹⁸⁴¹⁸⁵¹⁸⁶¹⁸⁷

The Pasteur Institute of Dakar lists a Biosafety and Biosecurity Training Course for Togo having been completed in September 2024. ¹⁸⁸

1.3.3 Personnel vetting: regulating access to sensitive locations

1.3.3a Personnel checks for permission to access to especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that regulations or licensing conditions specify that security and other personnel with access to especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential are subject to drug testing, background checks, or psychological or mental fitness checks.

The website of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, lists the areas of expertise of personnel, but does not mention that they are subject to drug testing, background checks, or psychological or mental fitness checks. ¹⁸⁹

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) states that the INH "stands out for its modern diagnostic platforms (bacteriology, molecular biology, and sequencing), ISO IEC 17025, ISO 15189, and World Health Organization (WHO) accreditations", but it also does not mention a requirement regarding drug testing, background checks, or psychological or mental fitness checks. ¹⁹⁰

Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website, and there is no relevant information available on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ¹⁹¹¹⁹²¹⁹³¹⁹⁴¹⁹⁵¹⁹⁶

1.3.4 Transportation security

1.3.4a National transport regulations for Category A and B infectious substances

Score: 0

Togo does not have publicly available information on national regulations on the safe and secure transport of infectious substances specifically including Categories A and B.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 states that Togo has developed a national guide for the transport of infectious substances, that staff received training on the international transport of samples, and that a biorisk management system per ISO 35001 was implemented for Togo's two reference laboratories in human and veterinary health, the National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory. In section D1 it describes the national laboratory's transport system as a key asset and states that laboratory personal is trained in collecting, packaging, storing and transport of infectious materials. In section PoE, however, the JEE laments that management of international transport does not yet rely on a risk-based approach. ¹⁹⁷ The JEE does not mention the existence of specific rules for Categories A and B substances.

A Guide to the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road in Togo published by the National Authority for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in Togo (Autorité nationale pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques au Togo, ANIAC-Togo) in May 2025 provides information on regulations on the safe and secure transport of dangerous goods including infectious substances. ¹⁹⁸ Under its category "Toxic substances and Infectious substances" it lists "arsenic and lead cyanide, rabies virus, rickettsia, parasites, bacteria, prions, fungi, pesticides, medical waste, etc." It does not include specifications for Categories A and B substances or specific rules for either category of substances.

A summary document of Togo's regulatory framework applying to the Ministry of Health's Covid-19 Emergency Response and System Preparedness Strengthening Project, published in January 2022 by the ministry and titled Environmental and Social Management Framework, mentions environmental, health, and safety guidelines regarding hazardous materials, and specifies that the "project is affected by this guideline due to the acquisition of reagents and other laboratory equipment, the collection and transport of samples to analysis laboratories, […] the management of hazardous waste of infectious, chemical, or radioactive origin". ¹⁹⁹ The summary does not provide further detail on the guidelines.

The Ministry of Health's 2022 Annual Performance Report states that "The Biosafety and Biosecurity (BSS) component in the laboratory also saw progress in 2022 through capacity building on (IATA) norms for the safe transport of biological samples for 46 medical biology and other laboratory staff in the One Health context, and on the management and safe transport of infectious materials for 76 laboratory technicians and transporters from the Togo postal service." ²⁰⁰

1.3.5 Cross-border transfer and end-user screening

1.3.5a Laws/regulations on cross-border transfer and end-user screening

Score: 100

Togo has legislation in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential.

Togo has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention through Law No. 2015-010 of 24 November 2015 Promulgating the New Penal Code. ²⁰¹²⁰² Articles 561 and 562 jointly prohibit the transfer, development, production, stockpiling, acquisition, or retention of microbiological or other biological agents, toxins, regardless of their origin or method of production, of types and quantities not intended for prophylactic, protective, or other purposes. Article 734(2) prohibits the transport on board a ship of a biological weapon knowing that it is a biological weapon. Articles 561, 739, 744 prohibit participatory offenses such as assistance, financing, etc. Article 86 of the same law authorizes the seizure of material related to offenses. ²⁰³

1.4 Biosafety

1.4.1 Whole-of-government biosafety systems

1.4.1a Biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

Togo has biosecurity provisions included in other legislation and/or regulations, but there is no evidence that it has a specific law related solely to biosafety.

The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs's Database of National Implementation Measures of the Biological Weapons Convention does not mention a specific law related solely to biosafety, but it lists Togolese laws that include biosafety provisions. Law No. 2008-005 on the Framework Law on the Environment, Law No. 96-007/PR of 3 July 1996 on Plant Protection, and Law No. 2009-001 of 6 January 2009 on the Prevention of Biotechnological Risks, for instance, have provisions overseeing the cross-border transfer of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential, e.g. prohibiting the import and transit of hazardous waste and requiring a license for the import and export of controlled articles such as plant pests and GMOs. ²⁰⁶ Law No. 2009-007 on the Health Code of the Togolese Republic in Title II, Chapter 1, Section 4 provides regulation for the licensing of medical biology laboratories. ²⁰⁷ Law No. 2008-005 on the Framework Law on the Environment includes provisions measures relating to the licensing of facilities handling hazardous waste, provions prohibiting the import of toxins, and provisions assigning responsibilities to public institutions regarding risks of major industrial accidents or technological disasters. ²⁰⁸

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 mentions that Togo has published a national biosafety and biosecurity framework including a law on the prevention of biotechnological risks, a national biosafety-biosecurity manual, a national guide for the transport of infectious substances, and a biorisk management system per ISO 35001 for its two reference laboratories in human and veterinary health, the National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory. ²⁰⁹ The JEE does not mention does not mention a specific law related solely to biosafety, however, and criticzes that no incident reporting system was set up yet and that its inventory of dangerous pathogens is not regularly updated, highlighting that its biosafety regulations are not sufficiently implemented. The national biosafety-biosecurity manual is not publicly available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ²¹⁰²¹¹²¹²

1.4.1b Agency for enforcement of biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 100

Togo has agencies responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 mentions that a Togolese Association for Biosecurity and Biological Safety (l'Association togolaise de biosécurité et de sûreté biologique (ATBSS)) and a Technical Working Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity were installed by the Togolese government. ²¹³ The ATBSS was created by the Ministry of Health in 2022; according to the website of the International Federation of Biosafety Associations its objectives are "Raise awareness of the concepts of Biosafety and Biosecurity among human and animal health professionals, Train human and animal health professionals in biological risk mitigation measures, Combat the proliferation of biological weapons, Promote proper management of biological waste, Promote good microbiological practices in healthcare establishments, Participate in the development of biosafety and biosecurity policy and legislation". ²¹⁴ The ATBSS does not have a website but it does host a Facebook page where it has published some posts about its activities. ²¹⁵

Togo's Framework Law on the Environment (Law No. 2008-005) is implemented by the National Agency of Environmental Management under the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development. ²¹⁶ The mandate of this agency with respect to biosafety is focused on GMO-related matters. ²¹⁷

The Ministry of Security and Civil Protection mentions enforcing Decree No. 2021-086/PR of August 25, 2021, On the Rules, Conditions, and Procedures for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Sea, but does not provide detail on its provisions, and the Decree itself is not available on its website. ²¹⁸ The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, lists a Prevention and Alert Division including sections on natural and technological risk, but no further information about this Division is available on its website. ²¹⁹

1.4.2 Biosafety training and practices

1.4.2a Biosafety training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

Togo requires biosafety training but there is only evidence of it being provided on an ad hoc basis.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in section P7 states that biosafety training is integrated in training curricula, but that no comprehensive training aligned with staff members' different roles and risk profiles has been implemented yet: While training modules have been designed and staff does receive some training, the JEE recommends setting up a consistent schedule, increasing certification in biorisk management, and monitoring maintenance of biosafety expertise in institutions. ²²⁰ The National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory are certified ISO 35001. ²²¹

1.5 Dual-use research and culture of responsible science

1.5.1 Oversight of dual-use research

1.5.1a Evidence of national assessment of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research.

No mention is made within the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo that the country has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. ²²⁹

Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website, and there is no relevant information available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ²³⁰²³¹²³²²³³²³⁴²³⁵²³⁶²³⁷

1.5.1b National law/regulation on oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

Togo does not have publicly available legislation and/or regulation requiring oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section P7 mentions that Togo has published a national biosafety and biosecurity framework including a law on the prevention of biotechnological risks, a national biosafety-biosecurity manual, a national guide for the transport of infectious substances, and a biorisk management system per ISO 35001 for its two reference laboratories in human and veterinary health, the National Institute of Hygiene and the Central Veterinary Laboratory. ²³⁸ Law No. 2009-001 of 6 January 2009 on the Prevention of Biotechnological Risks, however, focuses on GMOs and does not provide substantial regulation for the oversight of (all relevant) research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. ²³⁹ The other mentioned documents are not publicly available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ²⁴⁰²⁴¹²⁴²²⁴³²⁴⁴²⁴⁵²⁴⁶²⁴⁷

Law No. 2009-007 on the Health Code of the Togolese Republic in Title II, Chapter 1 provides regulation for the licensing of laboratories, including provisions regarding training and expertise of staff, appropriate facilities and materials, minimum technical standards, and prevention of conflicts of interests. ²⁴⁸ The law does not, however, provide substantial regulation for the oversight of (all relevant) research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research.

The JEE mentions in section P7 that a Togolese Association for Biosecurity and Biological Safety (l'Association togolaise de biosécurité et de sûreté biologique (ATBSS)) and a Technical Working Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity were installed by the Togolese government. ²⁴⁹ The ATBSS was created by the Ministry of Health in 2022; according to the website of the International Federation of Biosafety Associations its objectives are "Raise awareness of the concepts of Biosafety and Biosecurity among human and animal health professionals, Train human and animal health professionals in biological risk mitigation measures, Combat the proliferation of biological weapons, Promote proper management of biological waste, Promote good microbiological practices in healthcare establishments, Participate in the development of biosafety and biosecurity policy and legislation". ²⁵⁰

1.5.1c Existence of agency responsible for oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has an agency responsible for oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions in section P7 that a Togolese Association for Biosecurity and Biological Safety (l'Association togolaise de biosécurité et de sûreté biologique (ATBSS)) and a Technical Working Group on Biosafety and Biosecurity were installed by the Togolese government. ²⁵¹ The ATBSS was created by the Ministry of Health in 2022; according to the website of the International Federation of Biosafety Associations its objectives are "Raise awareness of the concepts of Biosafety and Biosecurity among human and animal health professionals, Train human and animal health professionals in biological risk mitigation measures, Combat the proliferation of biological weapons, Promote proper management of biological waste, Promote good microbiological practices in healthcare establishments, Participate in the development of biosafety and biosecurity policy and legislation". ²⁵² The ATBSS does not have a website but it does host a Facebook page where it has published some posts about its activities. ²⁵³ Publicly available evidence, however, does not allow confirmation of whether the ATBSS or the Technical Working Group actively oversee research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. ²⁵⁴²⁵⁵²⁵⁶²⁵⁷²⁵⁸²⁵⁹²⁶⁰²⁶¹²⁶²²⁶³

No other mention of an agency responsible for oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ²⁶⁵²⁶⁶²⁶⁷²⁶⁸²⁶⁹²⁷⁰²⁷¹²⁷²

1.5.2 Screening requirements for providers of genetic material

1.5.2a Requirement to screen synthesised DNA against list prior to sale

Score: 0

Togo does not have legislation and/or regulation requiring the screening of synthesized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins before it is sold.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo does not mention any legislation and/or regulation requiring the screening of synthesized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins before it is sold, and there is no evidence of such legislation and/or regulation on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ²⁷³²⁷⁴²⁷⁵²⁷⁶²⁷⁷²⁷⁸²⁷⁹²⁸⁰²⁸¹ The VERTIC database also has no record or document that provides further evidence. ²⁸²

1.6 Immunization

1.6.1 Vaccination rates

1.6.1a Immunization rate for humans (measles/MCV2)

Score: 100

1.6.1b Availability of vaccination figures for livestock (FMD) through OIE database

Score: 0

Official foot-and-mouth (FMD) vaccination figures for livestock in Togo are not publicly available through the OIE database.

The latest available data of the World Organization for Animal Health (WAHIS) database of surveillance and control measures indicates that the country has "official vaccination" listed as a control measure, but that the vaccination figures are not publicly available for livestock. ²⁸³

1.6.1c Equitablenature of national immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Togo has a national immunization strategy which covers equitable distribution and includes equity strategies.

According to section P8 of 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE), Togo has implemented the WHO's Expanded Program on Vaccination (Programme Elargi de Vaccination, PEV) and has a National Vaccination Strategy as well as a Strategic Communication Plan for Vaccination (2024-2026). ²⁸⁴

Togo's National Vaccination Strategy 2023-2026 (Stratégie Nationale de Vaccination 2023-2026), published by the Ministry of Health in March 2023, strategic focus 4 is to "Protect every individual through full vaccination, regardless of their geographic location, age, socioeconomic status, or gender-related barriers." It includes improving communication and fighting misinformation, improving the Reach Every Child approach and better integrating it into primary health care to reach underserved communities, and conducting awareness-raising on the importance of assisted childbirth and vaccination. ²⁸⁵ Strategic focus 5 furthermore aims to improve coverage by collaborating on awareness-raising together with the private sector and with religious leaders, and by improving monitoring of coverage in all health districts. Strategic focus 7 aims to improve the participation of communities in the national vaccination program by strenghtening the role of local leaders, hosting dialogues, improving digital communication targeted at different social groups, and other measures.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a strategic focus (OS4) on improving access to health services including vaccination. ²⁸⁶ It includes measures specifically aimed at overcoming socioeconomic inequalities and geography barriers to vaccination e.g. through improving the role of community health workers and through monitoring of the “Reach Every Child in Every District” approach (OS1).

The National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, has a similar strategic focus, and in section 2.10 mentions improving maintenance of the cold chain, ensuring equity in vaccination in all health districts, and developing and implementing a new integrated communication plan for the PEV. ²⁸⁷

The JEE does mention accessibility to vaccination services for hard-to-reach populations as an area of improvement. ²⁸⁸

1.6.1d Vaccine hesitancy and build public trust coverage in vaccines in national immunization strategy/plans

Score: 100

Togo has a national immunization strategy which includes measures to address vaccine hesitancy and build public trust in vaccines.

According to section P8 of 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE), Togo has implemented the WHO's Expanded Program on Vaccination (Programme Elargi de Vaccination, PEV) and has a National Vaccination Strategy as well as a strategic communication plan for vaccination (2024-2026). ²⁸⁹

Togo's National Vaccination Strategy 2023-2026 (Stratégie Nationale de Vaccination 2023-2026), published by the Ministry of Health in March 2023, strategic focus 4 is to "Protect every individual through full vaccination, regardless of their geographic location, age, socioeconomic status, or gender-related barriers." It includes improving communication and fighting misinformation, improving the Reach Every Child approach and better integrating it into primary health care to reach underserved communities, and conducting awareness-raising on the importance of assisted childbirth and vaccination. ²⁹⁰ Strategic focus 5 furthermore aims to improve coverage by collaborating on awareness-raising together with the private sector and with religious leaders, and by improving monitoring of coverage in all health districts. Strategic focus 7 aims to improve the participation of communities in the national vaccination program by strenghtening the role of local leaders, hosting dialogues, improving digital communication targeted at different social groups, and other measures.

The JEE does mention community engagement and rumor management as an area of improvement. ²⁹¹

1.6.1e National advisory group for immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Togo has a national advisory group that provides technical guidance and advice on the immunization strategy to government.

The National Vaccination Strategy 2023-2026 (Stratégie Nationale de Vaccination 2023-2026), published by the Ministry of Health in March 2023, is drawn up by Togo's Immunization Division (Division de l’Immunisation du Togo). ²⁹² This division is responsible for Togo's Program on Vaccination (Programme Elargi de Vaccination, PEV) and hosts a website dedicated to the PEV. ²⁹³

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) also mentions the existence of an Inter-Agency Coordination Committee (IACC). ²⁹⁴

Togo self reported having a NITAG to the WHO. ²⁹⁵

1.6.1f Presence of an immunization programme for influenza

Score: 0

Togo does not have an immunization programme for influenza.

No information about influenza immunization was identified in the National Vaccination Strategy 2023-2026 (Stratégie Nationale de Vaccination 2023-2026), the National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), the National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, or in the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE). ²⁹⁶²⁹⁷²⁹⁸²⁹⁹ There is also no evidence of an immunization programme for influenza on the websites of the Ministry of Health and of the Immunization Division's Program on Immunization (Programme Elargi de Vaccination, PEV), nor any information regarding the availability of seasonal flu vaccines and whether influenza is part of immunization protocols. ³⁰⁰³⁰¹

1.7 Climate change adaptation and vector transmission

1.7.1 Health system resilience

1.7.1a Strategy/plan for resilience of health system

Score: 100

Togo has a strategy to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges that climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns pose, that includes the threat of infectious diseases.

The Ministy of Health has published a National Adaptation Plan for the Health Sector (Plan National d'Adaptation du Secteur de la Santé, PNAS) 2020-2025, developed in collaboration with the German Society for International Cooperation. In chapter 3 the PNAS lists the specific risks and challenges faced by Togo due to climate change, including through heatwaves and storms. Three major such risks listed in the PNAS are malaria, respiratory infections, and bacterial meningitis. ³⁰² Its 10 objectives listed in chapter 4 include "Strengthening integrated surveillance of risks to public health and early warning capabilities, particularly for climate-sensitive diseases", "Strengthening actions that improve environmental determinants of health, particularly those that play a major role in priority climate-sensitive diseases", "Reinforce technologies and infrastructure in the health sector to ensure they are sustainable and resilient to the effects of climate change", and "Enhance emergency preparedness and health emergency management capabilities". ³⁰³

Early Detection

2.1 Laboratory systems strength and quality

2.1.1 Lab capacity for detecting priority diseases

2.1.1a Capacity of national lab system to conduct 5 or more WHO core tests

Score: 100

Togo's national laboratory system has the capacity to conduct diagnostic tests for at least 5 of the 10 WHO-defined core tests.

The 2024 World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) section D1 assesses the capacity of Togo's national laboratory system and observes progress in establishing well-equipped national laboratories as well as regional veterinary laboratories since the 2018 JEE. ³⁰⁴ It no longer laments lack of a "national plan for laboratory testing of WHO priority pathogens", as the 2018 JEE did. ³⁰⁵ The 2024 JEE concludes that Togo has the capacity to analyze priority diseases during a public health emergency, but it does not extensively list which diseases are tested. ³⁰⁶

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut National d'Hygiène, INH) under the Ministry of Health is Togo's national reference laboratory for diseases with epidemic potential. ³⁰⁷ The INH website lists tests conducted for Hepatitis B and C, HIV (serology), typhoid (bacterial culture for Salmonella), as well as for "Seasonal influenza (A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, B/Yam/Vic), highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1), other avian influenza (A/H7N9, A/H3N2variant, etc.); COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), viral hemorrhagic fevers and arboviruses (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg, Crimean-Congo, Rift Valley Fever, Yellow Fever, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika); other respiratory viruses (Rhinovirus, RSV, Metapneumovirus, Para Influenzavirus, seasonal coronaviruses); Bacterial diseases (acute bacterial meningitis, Buruli ulcer, yaws); Parasitic diseases (malaria, onchocerciasis)". ³⁰⁸

2.1.1b Plan to conduct testing during a public health emergency

Score: 50

Togo has a national plan, strategy or similar document for conducting testing during a public health emergency, which includes considerations for scaling capacity, but not for testing for novel pathogens and defining goals for testing.

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, has a chapter on epidemics which plans for testing and lists testing equipment and improved surveillance needs during such an emergency. ³⁰⁹ It does not include considerations for testing for novel pathogens, scaling capacity, and defining goals for testing.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a strategic focus (OS3) on strengthening the resilience of the health system and its capacity to respond to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ³¹⁰ OS3 mentions Togo's public health emergency operations center (centre des opérations d’urgence de santé publique, COUSP) in the capital and the aim of setting up further COUSPs throughout the country, and it includes the objective of improving detection capacities, but it does not include considerations for testing for novel pathogens, scaling capacity, and defining goals for testing.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report, August 19-23, 2024, section D1 mentions the lack of a strategic document for carrying out rapid tests and recommends developing a strategy for diagnosing priority diseases; it notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was still under review. ³¹²

An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ³¹³ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan for conducting testing during a public health emergency. ³¹⁴³¹⁵³¹⁶³¹⁷³¹⁸³¹⁹³²⁰³²¹³²²³²³³²⁴ Togo's WHO Strategic Partnership Portal page only notes that the country has "conducted" a National Action Plan for Health Security in 2025. ³²⁵

2.1.2 Laboratory quality systems

2.1.2a Existence of an accredited national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

The national laboratory that serves as a reference facility in Togo is accredited.

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut Nationale d'Hygiène – INH) received the ISO 17025 certification from the Ubio laboratory in 2012, and the ISO 15189 certification for hemogram in 2013, according to a 2015 African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM) interview conducted with Dr. Abiba Kere Banla, Director of the National Institute of Hygiene, and a presentation given during the International Association of National Public Health Institutes conference in Mexico in 2012. ³²⁶³²⁷

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states that the INH "stands out for its modern diagnostic platforms (bacteriology, molecular biology, and sequencing), ISO IEC 17025, ISO 15189, and World Health Organization (WHO) accreditations". ³²⁸

2.1.2b External quality assurance of a national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

Togo has a national laboratory that serves as a reference facility which is subject to external quality assurance review.

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut Nationale d'Hygiène – INH) received the ISO 17025 certification from the Ubio laboratory in 2012, and the ISO 15189 certification for hemogram in 2013, according to a 2015 African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM) interview conducted with Dr. Abiba Kere Banla, Director of the INH, and a presentation given during the International Association of National Public Health Institutes conference in Mexico in 2012. ³²⁹³³⁰

The ASLM article further explains that "Laboratory accreditation, a validation process in which external quality assessment is used to determine competency and compliance to known international standards, helps certify the delivery of timely and high-quality services to patients and healthcare professionals". ³³¹

The Togo INH is also listed as one of the countries subject to audits from the West African System of Accreditation (SOAC). ³³²

2.2 Laboratory supply chains

2.2.1 Specimen referral and transport system

2.2.1a Nationwide specimen transport system

Score: 100

Togo has a specimen transport system with national coverage in the human health, but not in the animal health sector.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section D1 assesses that Togo has implemented such a system "for the diagnosis and/or confirmation of most priority diseases at the intermediate and national levels", including use of public postal services, specimen transport procedures, and training for laboratory personnel. ³³⁴ The JEE concludes that in human health the postal system is comprehensive, but that in animal health transport is carried out by private transport companies and should still be organized systematically. ³³⁵

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut Nationale d'Hygiène – INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, confirms that its personnel is trained in safe transport, but does not describe the coverage of its transport system. ³³⁷

2.2.2 Laboratory cooperation and coordination

2.2.2a Plan to rapidly authorize/license laboratories to scale-up testing during an outbreak

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak.

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, its National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, and its National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, include policy aims regarding improving general testing and surveillance capacity, but they do not mention a plan to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. ³⁴²³⁴³³⁴⁴ The website of the National Institute of Hygiene (Institut Nationale d'Hygiène – INH), the local equivalent of the National Public Health Intitute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report, August 19-23, 2024, do not mention such a plan either. ³⁴⁵³⁴⁶

The JEE notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was still inder review. ³⁴⁷ An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ³⁴⁸ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. ³⁴⁹³⁵⁰³⁵¹³⁵²³⁵³³⁵⁴³⁵⁵³⁵⁶³⁵⁷³⁵⁸³⁵⁹ Togo's WHO Strategic Partnership Portal page only notes that the country has "conducted" a National Action Plan for Health Security in 2025. ³⁶⁰

Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) has a Laboratories Division which has as its remit to "Develop and ensure the application of legislative and regulatory texts relating to the practice of medical biology; Coordinate medical biology development activities within the framework of the relevant national policy; Develop and promote the regulatory framework for the practice of medical biology in the public and private sectors; Ensure the quality of medical biology services; Identify national reference laboratories and coordinate their activities." ³⁶¹ The DPML website, however, is currently offline, and archived versions do not include information regarding a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. ³⁶²

2.3 Real-time surveillance and reporting

2.3.1 Indicator and event-based surveillance and reporting systems

2.3.1a Evidence of ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis

Score: 50

There is evidence that Togo is conducting ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis for notifiable and novel infectious diseases, but no evidence that the data are being analyzed on a daily basis.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section D2 states that Togo uses Integrated Disease and Response Surveillance (SIMR) and implements an event-based and indicator-based surveillance mechanism in all three key health sectors, operates a community-based surveillance mechanism involving health workers and community relays, as well as an Open Source Epidemic Intelligence Initiative. ³⁶³ The JEE notes that the "monitoring and evaluation system for surveillance and early warning activities needs to be strengthened" and it recommends "Strengthening the capacities of surveillance actors (upgrading and continuing training of personnel), including community actors from all sectors"; it does not specify whether data is being analyzed on a daily basis.

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022 lists the network of Qualified Community Health Workers (CHWs) and Village Livestock Assistants (VLAs) as surveillance capacity as well as the existence of hotlines to alert the authorities. It does not mention whether data is being analyzed on a daily basis.

The Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division in May 2025 organized workshops in 15 PoEs to raise awareness among "village chiefs, immigration officials, community leaders, heads of NGOs/CSOs or associations, school principals, religious leaders and traditional medicine practitioners" regarding "their central role in the prevention and early detection of the most recurrent diseases with epidemic potential in Togo such as cholera, measles, yellow fever, meningitis, lassa fever, COVID-19, and especially MPOX". ³⁶⁴ This suggests that the 2018 JEE's observation that "health community agents (either volunteer or members from the Red Cross) use informal strategies to keep their ear on the ground to collect information and rumours and report to healthcare institutions" still applies. ³⁶⁵

Per the WHO's Electronic IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool, surveillance was one of Togo's main strengths in 2024, scoring 60%. ³⁶⁶

2.3.1b Evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence of an IHR focal point for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section P3 states that the General Secretariat of the Ministry of Health acts as Togo's IHR focal point; it does not specify whether it succeeds at reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline, but neither does it criticize that it does not. ³⁶⁷ Regarding its operational status, the JEE does mention that "current legal provisions do not allow the national RSI focal point to fully play its role in communicating with all national institutions".

In Togo's 2024 IHR States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting Tool assessment, the indicator "National IHR Focal Point functions" received the lowest score. ³⁶⁸

No further information about a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ³⁶⁹³⁷⁰³⁷¹

2.3.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting systems

2.3.2a Electronic national and sub-national reporting surveillance system

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo operates an electronic reporting surveillance system at both the national and sub-national level across the relevant sectors.

The government has been investing in electronic systems, and some of them have been tested, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) conducted in April 2018. ³⁷² While the 2024 JEE notes, however, that an electronic reporting surveillance system has been implemented, it only covers human health and not animal and environmental health. ³⁷³ Likewise, the JEE observes that there is "Systematic use of DHIS2 for managing human health surveillance data, and pilot-phase use of DHIS2 for managing community data for the human, animal, and environmental health sectors."

The Ministry of Health's 2023 Annual Performance Report, published in July 2024, in section 2.1.4 reports that "The completion rate for weekly surveillance reports on diseases with epidemic potential and diseases of public health importance was 93.4% in 2023. Compared to 2022, the timeliness rate of reports decreased from 100% in 2022 to 93.4% in 2023. This decline in timeliness is thought to be linked to the exclusive use of DHIS2 for reporting and data management." ³⁷⁴ Data is collected and reported at the national and sub-national level per the Report.

There is no evidence of other electronic reporting surveillance systems on the websites of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the National Institute of Hygiene, and the Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division. ³⁷⁵³⁷⁶³⁷⁷³⁷⁸

Togo's reporting of statistics to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) West African Health Organization, on diseases such as anthrax, polio, cholera, measles, meningitis, yellow fever, rabies, and bloody diarrhoea, does disaggregate data according to six administration units. ³⁷⁹

2.3.2b Collection of ongoing/real-time lab data by electronic surveillance system

Score: 50

There is evidence that Togo operates a real-time electronic surveillance system across the relevant sectors.

The government has been investing in electronic systems, and some of them have been tested, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo conducted in April 2018. ³⁸⁰ While the 2024 JEE notes, however, that an electronic reporting surveillance system has been implemented, it only covers human health and not animal and environmental health. ³⁸¹ Likewise, the JEE observes that there is "Systematic use of DHIS2 for managing human health surveillance data, and pilot-phase use of DHIS2 for managing community data for the human, animal, and environmental health sectors." DHIS2 does provide a real-time reporting mechanism according to the JEE. Open Source Epidemic Intelligence Initiative is shared on a weekly basis.

The Ministry of Health's 2023 Annual Performance Report, published in July 2024, in section 2.1.4 reports that "The completion rate for weekly surveillance reports on diseases with epidemic potential and diseases of public health importance was 93.4% in 2023. Compared to 2022, the timeliness rate of reports decreased from 100% in 2022 to 93.4% in 2023. This decline in timeliness is thought to be linked to the exclusive use of DHIS2 for reporting and data management." ³⁸² The section does not mention collection of ongoing or real-time laboratory data, and the data is not disaggregated and analysed by age, ethnicity, etc.

There is no evidence of other electronic reporting surveillance systems on the websites of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the National Institute of Hygiene, the Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division, and the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency. ³⁸³³⁸⁴³⁸⁵³⁸⁶³⁸⁷³⁸⁸

The Ministry of Health's 2023 Annual Performance Report, published in July 2024, reports that "The completion rate for weekly surveillance reports on diseases with epidemic potential and diseases of public health importance was 93.4% in 2023. Compared to 2022, the timeliness rate of reports decreased from 100% in 2022 to 93.4% in 2023. This decline in timeliness is thought to be linked to the exclusive use of DHIS2 for reporting and data management." ³⁸⁹

2.3.3 Wastewater surveillance

2.3.3a National wastewater surveillance programme or initiative

Score: 50

There is evidence of some wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) activity within Togo. The WHO and GPEI Q4 2025 Polio ES Bulletin lists the country as having 4 ES sites as of Q4 in 2025, although it is unclear whether these are at the national level and are ongoing.³⁹⁰

2.4 Surveillance data accessibility and transparency

2.4.1 Coverage and use of electronic health records

2.4.1a Common usage of electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no public evidence that electronic health records are commonly in use in Togo. There is no relevant information on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Hygiene, and the Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division. ³⁹¹³⁹²³⁹³ The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo also does not mention use of electronic health records. ³⁹⁴

2.4.1b Public health system access to individual electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no public evidence that the national public health system has access to electronic health records of individuals in Togo. There is no relevant information available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), and the Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division. ³⁹⁵³⁹⁶³⁹⁷ The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo also does not mention use of electronic health records. ³⁹⁸

2.4.1c Existence of data standards for health record data comparability

Score: 0

There is no evidence of data standards to ensure data is comparable.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions use of DHIS2 for managing human health surveillance data, and pilot-phase use of DHIS2 for managing community data for the human, animal, and environmental health sectors. ³⁹⁹ It does not specifically mention data standards to ensure data is comparable. For the National Institute of Hygiene (INH) the JEE only lists ISO IEC 17025, ISO 15189 and World Health Organization (WHO) accreditations. ⁴⁰⁰ ISO/IEC 17025 covers the competency of testing and calibration laboratories, but does not cover data standards to ensure comparability. ISO 15189 covers competency of medical labs.

2.4.2 Data integration between human, animal and environmental health sectors

2.4.2a Data sharing mechanisms

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence of established mechanisms at the relevant ministries responsible for animal, human, and wildlife surveillance to share data.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo observes that surveillance information was recorded in surveillance reports and epidemiological bulletins including “One Health” bulletins, suggesting that the ministries responsible for animal, human, and wildlife surveillance share data for these bulletins. ⁴⁰¹ Overall, however, the JEE criticizes that while for human health an electronic reporting surveillance system has been implemented, there is no such system for animal and environmental health. ⁴⁰² Likewise, the JEE observes that there is "Systematic use of DHIS2 for managing human health surveillance data, [but only] pilot-phase use of DHIS2 for managing community data for the human, animal, and environmental health sectors." It recommends establishing surveillance databases integrating clinical and laboratory data for the animal health and environmental health sectors.

There is no relevant information available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁴⁰³⁴⁰⁴⁴⁰⁵⁴⁰⁶ Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website.

2.4.3 Transparency of surveillance data

2.4.3a Availability of de-identified health surveillance data on disease outbreaks

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo makes de-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases publicly available via reports (or other format) on government websites.

Togo's reporting of disease outbreak statistics to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) West African Health Organization, on diseases such as anthrax, polio, cholera, measles, meningitis, yellow fever, rabies, and bloody diarrhoea, includes weekly de-identified surveillance data on suspected and confirmed cases as well as on deaths; the data is disaggregated according to six administration units (Savanes, Kara, Plateaux, Centrale, Maritime, and Grand Lomé). ⁴⁰⁷

The Ministry of Health's 2023 Annual Performance Report, published in July 2024, in section 2.1.4 includes de-identified health surveillance data on Covid-19, acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, measles, yellow fever, cholera, influanza, bloody diarrhoea, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. ⁴⁰⁸

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states that an electronic reporting surveillance system has been implemented, but that it only covers human health and not animal and environmental health. ⁴⁰⁹ Likewise, the JEE observes that there is "Systematic use of DHIS2 for managing human health surveillance data, and pilot-phase use of DHIS2 for managing community data for the human, animal, and environmental health sectors."

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, publishes a trimesterly bulletin on its website about ongoing public health concerns, including epidemiological, climate and nutritional health updates, but its 2025 bulletins do not include de-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases. ⁴¹⁰

The Ministry of Health previously hosted a website providing data numbers on active cases of COVID-19, cured cases, deaths, confirmed cases in total, number of total tests conducted, how many tests conducted per 1000 people, and how many cases per 100,000 people exist in the last 14 days. The site was updated every couple days but it is inaccessible as of 2025. ⁴¹¹

2.4.4 Ethical considerations during surveillance

2.4.4a Confidentiality legislation/regulations for identifiable health information

Score: 100

There is public evidence that there are laws, regulations, or guidelines that safeguard the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities in Togo.

According to the Official Gazette of the Togolese Republic, Law No. 2019-014 "Relating to the Protection of Personal Data" was enacted and entered into force on 29 October 2019. The law specifically states that "Anyone who processes personal data or has it processed without complying with the security obligations prescribed by the Law, and anyone who, except as provided by the Law, places or stores personal data on a computer or storage device, without the consent of the concerned person, which, directly or indirectly, reveals racial or ethnic origin, political, philosophical or religious opinions, or trade union memberships, or which are related to the health or sex life of the latter will be punished by imprisonment of one to five years and a fine of XOF 1 million to XOF 10 million or one of these two penalties". ⁴¹²⁴¹³

2.4.4b Inclusion of cyber protections in health data confidentiality law/regulation

Score: 100

2.4.5 International data sharing

2.4.5a Cooperative commitments or agreements within regions

Score: 100

The Togolese government has a cooperative agreement to share surveillance data during a public health emergency with member countries of the Economic Community of West African States.

Togo was one of several West African countries who had been included in the Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) Phase II project. The second phase of this project began in 2017, was funded by The World Bank and intended to "strengthen national and regional cross-sectoral capacity for collaborative disease surveillance and epidemic preparedness in West Africa". ⁴¹⁷⁴¹⁸ Togo did not afterwards continue to participate in REDISSE Phase III. ⁴¹⁹

In August 2025 the Ministry of Health announced increased cooperation with Shandong Privince, China, including on public health emergencies, but the announcement does not mention sharing surveillance data during a public health emergency. ⁴²⁰

The country's adherence to the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) serves as a primary legal and operational commitment. As a signatory, Togo is obligated to notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of public health events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. This legally binding framework necessitates the sharing of surveillance data with the WHO but does not specify provisions to share with other countries. ⁴²¹

2.5 Case-based investigation

2.5.1 Case investigation and contact tracing

2.5.1a National support to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that a national system is in place in Togo to provide support at the sub-national level (e.g. training, metrics standardization and/or financial resources) to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section R1 mentions a national public health emergency operations center (centre des opérations d’urgence de santé publique, COUSP) with capacity to support the regional level, but states that its "human, infrastructure, material and information systems resources" are insufficient, that resources for implementing its training plan are unavailable, and that regional COUSP staff are insufficiently trained, and that the activation and coordination of health personnel and teams in public health emergencies need to be strenghtened. The JEE does not discuss contact tracing specifically. ⁴²²

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a strategic focus (OS3) on strengthening the resilience of the health system and its capacity to respond to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ⁴²³ OS3 mentions Togo's Public Health Emergency Operations Center (centre des opérations d’urgence de santé publique, COUSP) in the capital and the aim of setting up further COUSPs throughout the country, and it includes the objective of improving detection and surveillance capacities, but it does not mention contact tracing specifically.

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, has a chapter on epidemics which plans for testing and lists testing equipment and improved surveillance needs during such an emergency. ⁴²⁵ It does not mention a national system to provide support at the sub-national level (e.g. training, metrics standardization and/or financial resources) to conduct contact tracing.

The National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, has a similar strategic focus (number 4) as the PNS with the same aims, and mentions that the role of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH) in surveillance should be strengthened. ⁴²⁶ It does not mention a national system to provide support at the sub-national level (e.g. training, metrics standardization and/or financial resources) to conduct contact tracing.

2.5.1b Provision of wraparound services to enable self-isolation/quarantine as recommended

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo provides wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate or quarantine as recommended, particularly economic support (paycheck, job security) and medical attention.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, its National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, and its Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, do not mention any wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate or quarantine as recommended, and the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo also does not reference these. ⁴²⁷⁴²⁸⁴²⁹⁴³⁰ There is no evidence of wraparound services on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ⁴³¹⁴³²⁴³³⁴³⁴

An August 2025 Ministry of Health report on a typhoid outbreak mentions free care and case management provided for patients, but no further free services. ⁴³⁵

2.5.2 Point of entry management

2.5.2a Strategy for tracing and quarantining international travelers

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a joint plan or cooperative agreement between the public health system and border control authorities to identify suspected and potential cases in international travelers and trace and quarantine their contacts in the event of a public health emergency.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo observes the absence of joint plans and regular exchange mechanisms between the public health system and national health authorities, including border control. ⁴³⁶ The JEE does note that the Ministry of Health and the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection are the designated authorities to implement public health emergency response, and that their collaboration, albeit of an informal nature, functions well.

The ANPC's relevant policy, namely the Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC), published April 2022, and the Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published in 2022, mentions increased border surveillance under national capacity, but does not provide further detail regarding identifying suspected and potential cases in international travelers and tracing their contacts (PNC section 2.2.2). ⁴³⁷⁴³⁸

2.6 Epidemiology workforce

2.6.1 Existence of applied epidemiology training program such FETP and FETPV

2.6.1a Access to field epidemiology training program in country and/or abroad

Score: 100

An applied epidemiology training program (such as FETP) is available in Togo through the African Network of Epidemiology (Afenet). Togo is one of the 31 African countries where Afenet operates. ⁴³⁹ Togo is considered a Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Program state. ⁴⁴⁰ The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo confirms that Togo carries out regular training of public health workers through the FETP program. ⁴⁴¹

However, there is no evidence that resources are provided by the government to send citizens to other countries to participate in applied epidemiology training programs (such as FETP). The JEE does not mention how the FETP is funded, and no relevant information was identified on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research and the National Institute of Hygiene. ⁴⁴²⁴⁴³⁴⁴⁴

2.6.1b Existence of field epidemiology training for animal health professionals

Score: 100

There is evidence to show that in Togo there is a field epidemiology training program explicitly inclusive of animal health professionals or a specific animal health field epidemiology training program offered (such as FETPV). An applied epidemiology training program (such as FETP) is available in Togo through the African Network of Epidemiology (Afenet). Togo is one of the 31 African countries where Afenet operates. ⁴⁴⁵ Togo is also considered a Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Program state, and has included in its trainings participants from both the human and animal health sectors, working together for example to conduct coordinated joint investigations to combat rabies. ⁴⁴⁶

The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) for Togo, conducted in April 2018 confirms that a FETP-type training programme is being implemented and states that animal health / veterinarians are participants of the FETP. ⁴⁴⁷ The 2024 JEE confirms that Togo carries out regular training of public health workers through the FETP program, but it also states that no national multi-sectoral training plan has been formally established yet. ⁴⁴⁸ It does not specify whether animal health / veterinarians are participants of the FETP.

No further evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and the National Institute of Hygiene. ⁴⁴⁹⁴⁵⁰⁴⁵¹ Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website.

2.6.2 Epidemiology workforce capacity

2.6.2a Evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people

Score: 0

There is no public evidence that Togo has at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions the aim of 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people but does not state that Togo has achieved this aim, and overall concludes that "The country does not have sufficient human resources in the relevant sectors to detect, assess, and notify events, respond to them, and report on them in accordance with the provisions of the IHR." ⁴⁵²

No further evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and the National Institute of Hygiene. ⁴⁵³⁴⁵⁴⁴⁵⁵ Togo's Central Veterinary Laboratory (Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire de Lomé) does not have a website.

Rapid Response

3.1 Emergency preparedness and response planning

3.1.1 National public health emergency preparedness and response plan

3.1.1a National emergency response plan for diseases with pandemic potential

Score: 33.33

Togo has an overarching national public health emergency response plan but it is not publicly available.

An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027. ⁴⁵⁶ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page. ⁴⁵⁷⁴⁵⁸⁴⁵⁹⁴⁶⁰⁴⁶¹⁴⁶² Togo's WHO Strategic Partnership Portal page only notes that the country has "conducted" a National Action Plan for Health Security in 2025. ⁴⁶³ The Ministry announcement concerns a joint initiative launched together with the WHO to discuss financial and technical resources for the implementation of the 2025-2027 PANSS. ⁴⁶⁴

The most recent Joint External Evaluation (JEE) for Togo, conducted in August 2024, notes that the country had published a PANSS 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation. ⁴⁶⁵ While it notes that financing in the context of the country's Pandemic Fund in 2023 provided "a major opportunity to finance the [PANSS] currently under review", the JEE overall concludes that "the funding available for IHR implementation is insufficient" and that implementation of the 2021-2023 was low as a result. Funding of Togo's PANSS is allocated per sector through the respective sectoral ministries, and there exists no centralized budget for its implementation.

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a strategic focus (number 4) on responses to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ⁴⁶⁶ The PNDS, however, does not include specific planning for multiple individual communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. The Plan provides a yearly budget allocation for this strategic focus for the years 2023-2027.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a similar strategic focus (OS3) as the PNDS which also does not include specific planning for multiple individual communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. ⁴⁶⁷

Togo currently implements the Project to Support Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies in Togo (Projet d’appui au renforcement de la préparation et de la réponse aux urgences sanitaires au Togo, PREPRUS-Togo), funded by the World Bank Pandemic Fund and implemented together with the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNICEF. ⁴⁶⁸ No project document, however, was found on the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment, and of the WHO. ⁴⁶⁹⁴⁷⁰⁴⁷¹⁴⁷²⁴⁷³⁴⁷⁴ According to a July 2025 WHO Togo New Bulletin, "between August 2023 and February 2025, 56.1% of planned activities were carried out, representing a financial commitment rate of 50.9%." ⁴⁷⁵

3.1.1b National public health emergency response plan published in past 3 years

Score: 100

Togo's plan has been updated in the last three years.

3.1.1c One health principles by covering multiple threat types

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo's overarching national public health emergency response plan follows one health principles by covering multiple threat types, e.g. antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents or deliberate acts.

According to an August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement, the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027, which follows up its previous 2021-2023 PANSS. ⁴⁷⁸ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it follows one health principles by covering multiple threat types. ⁴⁷⁹⁴⁸⁰⁴⁸¹⁴⁸²⁴⁸³⁴⁸⁴ The WHO's 2024 Togo: Annual Report, however, states on page 38 regarding the PANSS: "process launched with a “One Health” approach, including strategic planning, prioritization of actions, budgeting, and implementation of a multisectoral monitoring and evaluation framework". ⁴⁸⁵

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a strategic focus (number 4) on responses to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ⁴⁸⁶ The strategic focus does not cover multiple threat types such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents or deliberate acts. It does list as an objective that "the health sector should strengthen the implementation of the "One Health" approach".

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a similar strategic focus (OS3) as the PNDS and lists as a policy need "strengthening diagnostic and response capabilities for nuclear, radiological, biological, and chemical (NRBC) risks" as well as "the implementation and operationalization of the ONE HEALTH platform". ⁴⁸⁷

Decree No. 024/MSHPAUS/MERF/MAEDR is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor are other relevant recent decrees listed in the JEE as "Supporting documents provided by the host country", i.e. no information is available confirming whether the One Health policy addresses multiple threat types such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents or deliberate acts. ⁴⁹²⁴⁹³⁴⁹⁴

3.1.1d Vulnerable populations in national public health emergency response plan

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo's overarching national public health emergency response plan includes consideration of the impact of health equity or mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations.

According to an August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement, the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027, which follows up its previous 2021-2023 PANSS. ⁴⁹⁵ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes consideration of the impact of health equity or mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations. ⁴⁹⁶⁴⁹⁷⁴⁹⁸⁴⁹⁹⁵⁰⁰⁵⁰¹

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a strategic focus (number 4) on responses to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ⁵⁰² The strategic focus does not include consideration of the impact of health equity or mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations.

Togo's current National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, includes a similar strategic focus (OS3) as the PNDS. ⁵⁰³ No consideration of the impact of health equity is integrated in the PNS's health emergency response measures, nor are any mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations during emergencies mentioned.

Togo currently implements the Project to Support Strengthening Preparedness and Response to Health Emergencies in Togo (Projet d’appui au renforcement de la préparation et de la réponse aux urgences sanitaires au Togo, PREPRUS-Togo), funded by the World Bank Pandemic Fund and implemented together with the WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNICEF. ⁵⁰⁴ No project document, however, was found on the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment, and of the WHO, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes the relevant consideration. ⁵⁰⁵⁵⁰⁶⁵⁰⁷⁵⁰⁸⁵⁰⁹⁵¹⁰

3.1.2 Private sector involvement in response planning

3.1.2a Mechanism to engage private sector in outbreak preparedness/response

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Togo has a specific mechanism for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response. There is no evidence of such a mechanism on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ⁵¹¹⁵¹²⁵¹³

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo does not mention a mechanism for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response; it only recommends lobbying this sector for technical and financial support in section P2. ⁵¹⁴

3.1.3 Non-pharmaceutical interventions planning

3.1.3a Policy/plan/guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence of a policy, plan and/or guidelines to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during an epidemic or pandemic.

An August 2025 Ministry of Health report on a typhoid outbreak lists measures taken by the ministry including hygiene measures. ⁵¹⁶ An August 2025 Health Promotion Division (under the Ministry of Health) report on Mpox likewise mentioned awareness raising and preventive measures. ⁵¹⁷

The COVID-19-specific government website announced certain measures that the government put in place in March 2020, stating that the country would be closed for at least two weeks; No one was allowed on beach property; A month-long closure of places of worship, churches and mosques was put in place; There was an immediate closure of all public, private and denominational, primary, secondary and university schools for a period of three weeks; Funerals and burials could not involve more than 15 people, until further notice; All vendors in the markets had to wear protective masks; Cultural and sporting activities were suspended until further notice; among others. ⁵¹⁸ No official policy document detailing these measures and providing a plan and/or guidelines to implement them is available online. ⁵¹⁹⁵²⁰⁵²¹⁵²²⁵²³⁵²⁴⁵²⁵⁵²⁶

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo describes Togo's system of Public Health Emergency Operations Centers (centres des opérations d’urgence de santé publique, COUSPs) and their manuals and procedures, but it does not provide detail on NPIs included in these documents, which are themselves not available online. ⁵²⁷

The JEE notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was still under review. ⁵²⁸ An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ⁵²⁹ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. ⁵³⁰⁵³¹⁵³²⁵³³⁵³⁴⁵³⁵⁵³⁶⁵³⁷⁵³⁸⁵³⁹⁵⁴⁰ Togo's WHO Strategic Partnership Portal page only notes that the country has "conducted" a National Action Plan for Health Security in 2025. ⁵⁴¹

3.2 Exercising response plans

3.2.1 Activating response plans

3.2.1a Completion of biological-focused IHR exercise with the WHO in past year

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has activated its national emergency response plans for an infectious disease outbreak in the past year, but there is no evidence that it has completed a national-level biological threat-focused exercise (either with World Health Organization (WHO) or separately) in the past year.

An August 2025 Ministry of Health report on a typhoid outbreak lists measures taken by the ministry including surveillance by community health workers and through the collection of stool samples from patients, animals, water and food, as well as including case management, vaccination, deworming, and hygiene measures. ⁵⁴² June and August 2025 Health Promotion Division (under the Ministry of Health) and United Nations reports on Mpox in Togo mention increased epidemiological surveillance and early warning, organization of care, and awareness-raising about preventive measures. ⁵⁴³⁵⁴⁴ A public news outlet stated that the authorities "launched an intensified action plan focused on epidemic surveillance, community mobilization, and targeted case management", and an official government report stated "Patient care is being provided free of charge by the state, as part of a response plan inspired by lessons learned from the management of the Covid-19 pandemic", also mentioning a specific response unit led by a specialist which was set up. ⁵⁴⁵⁵⁴⁶ The latter corresponds with article 15 of Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG dated 15 September 2017 Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP), which states that "During periods of full activation, an incident manager, who must be a manager specializing in the health emergency or epidemic that has occurred, is appointed to work alongside the crisis management coordinator." ⁵⁴⁷ A July 2025 WHO Information Bulletin on Togo mentions that "as soon as the mpox epidemic was officially declared on May 16, 2025, Togo immediately activated its Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) and Incident Management System (IMS)." ⁵⁴⁸

Togo's last simulation exercise conducted was in December 2019 (multicountry), according to the WHO's comprehensive list of Simulation Exercise Activities. ⁵⁴⁹ No further evidence of simulation exercises was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ⁵⁵⁰⁵⁵¹⁵⁵² The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions health emergency simulation exercises having been conducted, but no (national-level) biological threat-focused exercise. ⁵⁵³

3.2.1b Evidence of bio-focused exercise to identify gaps/best practices

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Togo has identified a list of gaps and best practices in response (either through an infectious disease response, after action review or a biological-threat focused exercise) and developed a plan to improve response capabilities in the past year.

Per the Togo page of the World Health Organization (WHO) Strategic Partnership Portal, the country has conducted two After Action Reviews between 2017 and 2025. ⁵⁵⁴ Its After Action Review Activities page lists one review conducted in 2017 and one conducted without mention of year. ⁵⁵⁵ No reports about the reviews are available from the WHO. ⁵⁵⁶⁵⁵⁷

Regarding its 2025 Mpox response, an official government report stated "Patient care is being provided free of charge by the state, as part of a response plan inspired by lessons learned from the management of the Covid-19 pandemic". ⁵⁵⁸ This response plan, however, is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the National Civil Protection Agency, allowing no confirmation of whether it was developed in the last year. ⁵⁵⁹⁵⁶⁰⁵⁶¹

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions the need of improving capacity based on after action review. ⁵⁶²

3.2.2 Private sector engagement in exercises

3.2.2a Evidence of national-level biological threat-focused exercise that includes private sector

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has undergone a national-level biological threat-focused exercise that has included private sector representatives in the past year.

Togo's last simulation exercise conducted was in December 2019 (multicountry), according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) comprehensive list of Simulation Exercise Activities. ⁵⁶³ No further evidence of simulation exercises was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁵⁶⁴⁵⁶⁵⁵⁶⁶⁵⁶⁷⁵⁶⁸ The 2024 WHO Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions health emergency simulation exercises having been conducted, but no (national-level) biological threat-focused exercise. ⁵⁶⁹

3.3 Emergency response operation

3.3.1 Emergency response operation

3.3.1a Existence of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Score: 100

Togo has an Emergency Operations Centre in place. The Ministry of Health has set up a Public Health Emergency Operations Center (Centre des Opérations d'Urgence de Santé Publique, COUSP) in September 2017 through Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG dated 15 September 2017 Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP). ⁵⁷⁰ The COUSP functions as a technical agency under the Ministry of Health responsible for preparing for and managing public health emergencies. ⁵⁷¹

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo describes Togo's system as consisting out of one central COUSP in the capital Lomé and six regional COUSPs. ⁵⁷²

3.3.1b Requirement for EOC to conduct/evidence EOC conducts at least annual drills

Score: 100

There is evidence that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) conducts a drill at least once per year.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo mentions the existence of a training and exercise plan for Togo's Public Health Emergency Operations Center (Centre des Opérations d'Urgence de Santé Publique, COUSP), but it also laments that "Functional simulation exercises for activating and deactivating national and regional COUSP are not organized." It does not specify whether Togo's COUSP has (a requirement for) a yearly drill. ⁵⁷³

A 2025 research paper on Togo's National Capacities for Health Emergency Preparedness and Response states that "coordination simulation drills were carried out to test the functionality of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center, aligned with the regional multi-country contingency plan" (p. 5179). ⁵⁷⁴ The paper also cites a Ministry of Health representative's statement that "We conduct annual reviews of the preparedness plan, including simulation drills that involve sectors like civil protection, livestock, and local governance". ⁵⁷⁵

Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG dated 15 September 2017 Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) does not mention a requirement to conduct a drill for a public health emergency scenario at least once per year. ⁵⁷⁶

Togo's COUSP does not have a website, and there is no evidence of (a requirement for) a yearly drill conducted by the COUSP on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁵⁷⁷⁵⁷⁸⁵⁷⁹⁵⁸⁰⁵⁸¹

3.3.1c EOC activation within 120 minutes of identification of emergency/scenario

Score: 0

There is no public evidence to show that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) has conducted within the last year a coordinated emergency response or emergency response exercise activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency.

Regarding Togo's 2025 Mpox response, an official government report stated its response was led by a specialist response unit. ⁵⁸² This corresponds with article 15 of Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG dated 15 September 2017 Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP), which states that "During periods of full activation, an incident manager, who must be a manager specializing in the health emergency or epidemic that has occurred, is appointed to work alongside the crisis management coordinator." ⁵⁸³ There is no public evidence, however, that the response was activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency.

An August 2025 Ministry of Health report on its typhoid outbreak response cites the current Minister of Health stating "As soon as he was informed of the situation, the President of the Council, Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé, dispatched us, along with officials from the Kéran prefecture, to the Kara University Hospital and the Kantè CHP to offer his support to the sick and his compassion to the bereaved family. The patients underwent surgery, and the President of the Council gave instructions for rapid and free care". The article does not mention if it had been the COUSP (a technical agency under the Ministry of Health) which led the response, and if activation had occurred within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency (as it does not specify when President of the Council Gnassingbé had been informed). ⁵⁸⁴

Togo's COUSP does not have a website, and there is no evidence that it has conducted within the last year a coordinated emergency response or emergency response exercise activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency/scenario on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁵⁸⁵⁵⁸⁶⁵⁸⁷⁵⁸⁸⁵⁸⁹

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, includes planning on epidemics and provides a rapid response matrix, but the matrix lists measures to be taken within the first 24 hours, 48 hours, and two weeks respectively, not within 120 minutes. ⁵⁹⁰

3.4 Linking public health and security authorities

3.4.1 Public health and security authorities linked for a biological event

3.4.1a Joint exercise/procedures for potential deliberate biological events

Score: 0

There is no public evidence of standard operating procedures, guidelines, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), or other agreements between the public health, animal health, the private sector and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event, or evidence that they have carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section CE does not mention exercises having taken place to respond to a potential deliberate biological events, and criticizes that Togo must develop guidelines or manuals for monitoring chemical events.

Togo's Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) does not have a website, and there is no evidence that public health, animal health, the private sector and national security authorities have carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment, or evidence of standard operating procedures, guidelines, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), or other agreements between these authorities. ⁵⁹¹⁵⁹²⁵⁹³⁵⁹⁴⁵⁹⁵

Togo's National Authority for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (Autorité Nationale pour l’Interdiction des Armes Chimiques, ANIAC) serves as focal point for implementing the Biological Weapons Convention, conducts monitoring of implementation, and proposes legislative, regulatory and administrative measures. ⁵⁹⁶ The National Institute of Hygiene also plays an active role in protecting against biological threats as evidenced by its 2023 participation in a workshop to strengthen the implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention. ⁵⁹⁷ The website of neither organization, however, references standard operating procedures, guidelines, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), or other agreements between the public health, animal health, the private sector and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event, or evidence that they have carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event.

3.5 Risk communication

3.5.1 Risk communication planning

3.5.1a Risk communication plan for specific use during a public health emergency

Score: 100

Togo has a plan detailing a risk communication plan that is specifically intended for use during a public health emergency, but it is not publicly available.

According to a Project Information Document developed by the World Bank which describes Togo's response to COVID-19, Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) Phase II and the German development agency (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) (GIZ) are "supporting activities such as developing and testing messages and materials to be used during the COVID-19 pandemic or another emerging infectious disease outbreak. REDISSE will contract various communication channels for personal hygiene promotion including the promotion of "handwashing". the development and distribution of basic communication materials (such as question and answer sheets and fact sheets in appropriate languages)". There is no mention of a communication plan, and no information describing how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communication needs. ⁶⁰⁸

3.5.1b Inclusion of different population & sector needs in risk communication plan

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has a plan detailing a risk communication plan outlining how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communications needs.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section R5 mentions a Risk Communication and Community Engagement Plan 2024-2026 (Plan de Communication sur les Risques et Engagement Communautaire, CREC) including an infodemic management strategy, but this plan is not available on the websites of the Ministry of Communication, the Ministry of Health, its Health Promotion Division, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, its National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁶⁰⁹⁶¹⁰⁶¹¹⁶¹²⁶¹³⁶¹⁴⁶¹⁵⁶¹⁶ The JEE does note that surveys on the perceptions of target groups were conducted and messaging adapted based on the results, and it mentions "collaboration with various networks (municipal authorities, traditional chiefs, Christian and Muslim councils, civil society organizations platform, youth and women's associations/brigades, medical, pharmacy, and dentistry student associations, community health worker networks)."

Togo's Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, has a chapter on epidemics which lists "Information, Education and Communication" as priority interventions, but does not provide further detail on a risk communication plan. ⁶¹⁷ The PNC does specify that crisis communication is within the remit of the ANPC and of the Ministry of Communication. According to the PNC, the role of the Ministry of Communication (in any emergency), is "Reconnaissance; Rapid assessment of communication needs; Advertorials and dissemination of information; Social mobilization; Channeling information disseminated on social media". ⁶¹⁸ The PND does not outline how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communications needs (eg different languages, location within the country, media reach, vulnerable groups and hard-to-reach groups).

3.5.1c Designation of a specific government spokesperson during a public health emergency

Score: 0

Togo's risk communication plan and multirisk contingency plan do not explicitly or unambiguously designate a specific position within the government to serve as the primary spokesperson to the public during a public health emergency.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section R5 mentions a Risk Communication and Community Engagement Plan 2024-2026 (Plan de Communication sur les Risques et Engagement Communautaire, CREC), and states that there is a committee in charge of risk communication and community engagement as well as a national CREC coordinator. ⁶²⁰ It does not state, however, which specific position within the government serves as the primary spokesperson to the public during a public health emergency.

There is evidence of deviation from the CREC plan in practice. An August 2025 Ministry of Health report on its typhoid outbreak response, for example, cites the current Minister of Health stating "As soon as he was informed of the situation, the President of the Council, Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé, dispatched us, along with officials from the Kéran prefecture, to the Kara University Hospital and the Kantè CHP to offer his support to the sick and his compassion to the bereaved family. The patients underwent surgery, and the President of the Council gave instructions for rapid and free care". ⁶²³

3.5.2 Public health systems communication

3.5.2a Government use of media platforms to share info on public health emergencies

Score: 50

Togo's public health system shares information only during active emergencies, but does not regularly utilize online media platforms.

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) publishes a trimesterly bulletin on its website about ongoing public health concerns, including epidemiological, climate and nutritional health updates. ⁶²⁴ Its Facebook account also irregularly includes updates on public health themes. ⁶²⁵

The Ministry of Health's Health Promotion Division publishes updates on major public health concerns on its website as well as media campaigns and educational materials. ⁶²⁶ Its Facebook account has not published any posts since October 2022, and its X account is empty. ⁶²⁷⁶²⁸

The Ministry of Health's Facebook and X accounts have not published any updates in the last year. ⁶²⁹⁶³⁰

3.5.2b Evidence that senior leaders have shared mis/disinformation on infectious diseases

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Togo's current president of the Council of Ministers and former president (since 2005) Faure Gnassingbé, its current Minister of Health Tchin Darré (since August 2024) or its former Minister of Health Moustafa Mijiyawa have shared misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases in the past two years. Targeted searches identified no instances of these figures sharing such misinformation or disinformation in Togolese (social) media, and the independent Togolese factchecker website Togo Check does not mention such instances either. ⁶³¹ Togo Check does list various instances of medical misinformation and disinformation, but does not identify senior leaders behind their publication.

Fighting the "infodemic" is high on the agenda of Togolese authorities as evidenced by comparatively high scores in the risk communication section (R5) of the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo, which mentions the existence of a Risk Communication and Community Engagement Plan 2024-2026 (Plan de Communication sur les Risques et Engagement Communautaire, CREC) including an infodemic management strategy. ⁶³²

There is evidence, however, that organizations affiliated with Gnassingbé or which otherwise appear as acting in his interest have in the last five years spread political misinformation and disinformation, contributing to distrust in public institutions. ⁶³³ An instance of medical disinformation shared by Togolese authorities concerns a reportedly false diagnosis of severe depression which they attributed to protest movement figure Tchala Essowè Narcisse in early summer 2025 after he had been arrested for publishing a video on social media platform TikTok. ⁶³⁴

3.6 Access to communications infrastructure

3.6.1 Internet users

3.6.1a Percentage of households with Internet

Score: 46.41

3.6.2 Mobile subscribers

3.6.2a Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Score: 40.99

3.6.3 Female access to a mobile phone

3.6.3a Gender gap in access to a mobile phone (percentage points)

Score: 46.67

3.6.4 Female access to the Internet

3.6.4a Gender gap in access to the Internet (percentage points)

Score: 45.83

3.7 Trade and travel restrictions

3.7.1 Trade restrictions

3.7.1a Restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Togo has implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods (e.g. medicines, oxygen, medical supplies, PPE) due to an infectious disease outbreak.

Reports on government websites, and in public and private media outlets and associations, on typhoid and Mpox outbeaks in Togo in 2025, do not report on the country having implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods (e.g. medicines, oxygen, medical supplies, PPE). ⁶³⁵⁶³⁶⁶³⁷⁶³⁸⁶³⁹⁶⁴⁰ No news on restrictions on export/import of medical goods related to other infectious disease outbreaks has been reported in Togolese and international media.

No evidence of disease outbreaks in Togo is available on the World Organization for Animal Health's (WOAH) World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) website. ⁶⁴¹ No relevant information is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁶⁴²⁶⁴³⁶⁴⁴⁶⁴⁵⁶⁴⁶

3.7.1b Restrictions on movement and/or exports/imports due to disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Togo has implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods (e.g. medicines, oxygen, medical supplies, PPE) due to an infectious disease outbreak.

Reports on government websites, and in public and private media outlets and associations, on typhoid and Mpox outbeaks in Togo in 2025, do not report on the country having implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods (e.g. medicines, oxygen, medical supplies, PPE). ⁶⁴⁷⁶⁴⁸⁶⁴⁹⁶⁵⁰⁶⁵¹⁶⁵² No news on restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods related to other infectious disease outbreaks has been reported in Togolese and international media.

No evidence of disease outbreaks in Togo is available on the World Organization for Animal Health's (WOAH) World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) website. ⁶⁵³ No relevant information is available on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. ⁶⁵⁴⁶⁵⁵⁶⁵⁶⁶⁵⁷⁶⁵⁸

3.7.2 Travel restrictions

3.7.2a Evidence of travel ban due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

In the past year, Togo has not implemented inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to an infectious disease outbreak. Togo lifted its Covid-19 travel restrictions in July 2023. ⁶⁵⁹ No evidence of inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to an infectious disease outbreak was found in Togolese or international media sources or on the government website Togo Travel or the private website VisasNews. ⁶⁶⁰⁶⁶¹

3.7.2b Risk-based approach to international travel-related measures

Score: 0

Togo does not use a risk-based approach to international travel-related measures.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states in section PoEs "All designated and land entry points have operational action plans or the airport public health emergency plan, as is the case for Lomé International Airport. However, these plans are not developed on the basis of an assessment of the risks associated with international health events and emergencies." ⁶⁶² The section recommends that Togo "Develop[s] a national multisectoral strategy to apply a risk-based approach to the strategic management of international transport". No evidence of such a strategy or approach, however, was found on the websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the government website Togo Travel. ⁶⁶³⁶⁶⁴⁶⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁶⁸

Togo includes under its vaccine requirements a certificate of yellow fever vaccination for all travellers over 9 months of age. ⁶⁶⁹

Health System

4.1 Health capacity in clinics, hospitals and community care centers

4.1.1 Available human resources for the broader healthcare system

4.1.1a Doctors per 100,000 people

Score: 0.64

4.1.1b Nurses and midwives per 100,000 people

Score: 5.59

4.1.1c Updated health workforce strategy to address human resource shortfalls

Score: 100

Togo has a health workforce strategy in place (which has been updated in the past five years) to identify fields where there is an insufficient workforce and strategies to address these shortcomings.

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a chapter on human resources which lists needs per sector as well as community health workers per (sub-)region. ⁶⁷⁰ Its overall assessment is that "For the period 2023-2027, the government will need to recruit an average of 2,025 staff members across all categories each year in order to achieve the expected results. For healthcare personnel, these figures show that an average of 81 general practitioners, 76 specialists, 11 pharmacists, 244 nursing assistants, 309 state-registered nurses, 166 midwifery assistants, and 157 midwives will need to be recruited each year." To achieve this, the section proposes stepping up recruitment efforts, improving capacity of training institutions, updating curricula, and lobbying the relevant stakeholders (Ministry of Public Service, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Higher Education) to ensure implementation. ⁶⁷¹

While it criticized the lack of a multisectoral health workforce strategy, the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section D3 confirms that the health sector has a workforce plan (whereas those in the agriculture and environment sectors had expired). ⁶⁷²

4.1.1d Health system capacity for essential health services

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that Togo has sufficient capacity within the health system to deliver essential health services.

Togo's National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, reports shortages in various categories including MCMs and workforce. For example, it observes in section 2.3.4.4 that "the proportion of unmet needs remains high, with more than 40% of health facilities reporting shortages in their drug stocks" and 26% reporting shortages in blood products. ⁶⁷³ The Ministry's 2023 Annual Performance Report likewise lists insufficient capacity in various essential services indicators. ⁶⁷⁴ The World Health Organization's Universal Health Coverage indicator estimates that "the number of additional people expected to be covered by essential services and not experiencing financial hardship is projected to be 714.2k (430.1k – 964.1k) by 2025 compared to 2018", at a population of more than 9.3 million as of 2023. ⁶⁷⁵

Under indicator R3.2 the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo lists the following strengths: "The country developed health standards in 2013; Conditions exist for authorizing the establishment and operation of medical and paramedical facilities; Expansion and adoption of the DHIS2 platform for the production of health information and its use at all levels of the health system; A department in charge of healthcare facilities has been created." ⁶⁷⁶ As areas for improvement it lists that "Health standards developed since 2013 should be updated; The conditions for authorizing the establishment and operation of medical and paramedical facilities should be revised; The use of DHIS2 should be strengthened at the hospital level; A sustainable mechanism for disseminating health information should be put in place; Strengthen the resource capacity of the department in charge of healthcare facilities." ⁶⁷⁷ The indicator concludes that use of national tertiary healthcare facilities is satisfactory in Togo.

4.1.1e Essential health services continuity plan for public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a plan to ensure continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency.

According to section R3 of the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo, the country has defined "a minimum package of services per level (essential services", however, "a clear plan or guidelines have yet to be developed toensure the continuity and monitoring of these services in the event of an emergency", as Togo does not have "an integrated service continuity plan", does not ensure monitoring of such continuity, and has not organized simulation exercises for this. ⁶⁷⁸

The JEE notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was stillunder review. ⁶⁸⁰ An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ⁶⁸¹ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens. ⁶⁸²⁶⁸³⁶⁸⁴⁶⁸⁵⁶⁸⁶⁶⁸⁷⁶⁸⁸⁶⁸⁹⁶⁹⁰⁶⁹¹⁶⁹²

4.1.2 Facilities capacity

4.1.2a Hospital beds per 100,000 people

Score: 10.74

4.1.2b In-country capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases

Score: 0

There is evidence that Togo has insufficient capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases in a biocontainment patient care unit and/or patient isolation room/unit located within the country.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section PoE notes infrastructure gaps concerning isolation observed during site visits. ⁶⁹³

4.1.2c Demonstrated capacity / evidence of plan to expand isolation capacity

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has has demonstrated capacity to expand isolation capacity in response to an infectious disease outbreak in the past two years, and also no evidence that the country has developed, updated or tested a plan to expand isolation capacity in response to an infectious disease outbreak in the past two years.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section PoE notes infrastructure gaps concerning isolation observed during site visits. ⁶⁹⁵ It also states that the health center at Lomé airport was not operational.

The JEE notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was still under review. ⁶⁹⁷ An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ⁶⁹⁸ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens. ⁶⁹⁹⁷⁰⁰⁷⁰¹⁷⁰²⁷⁰³⁷⁰⁴⁷⁰⁵⁷⁰⁶⁷⁰⁷⁷⁰⁸⁷⁰⁹

4.2 Supply chain for health system and healthcare workers

4.2.1 Routine health care and laboratory system supply

4.2.1a National procurement protocol for the acquisition of routine laboratory/medical supplies

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a national and/or international procurement protocol or contract framework in place which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies (e.g. equipment, reagents and media) and medical supplies (e.g. equipment, PPE) for routine needs.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section D1 notes that national laboratories have sufficient equipment, but that its veterinary laboratories lack equipment and reagents, and that additional funding is required to buy tests. ⁷¹⁰ The section does not mention a national and/or international procurement protocol or contract framework in place which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies. The JEE also nowhere mentions such a protocol or contract framework for medical supplies. ⁷¹¹ Regarding vaccines it states "Vaccine procurement and needs assessment are inadequate and lead to occasional shortages at the central and district levels." ⁷¹²

Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) has a Laboratories Division which has as its remit to "Coordinate medical biology development activities within the framework of the relevant national policy; Develop and promote the regulatory framework for the practice of medical biology in the public and private sectors". ⁷¹³ The DPML website, however, is currently offline, and archived versions do not include information regarding a national procurement protocol or contract framework which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies (e.g. equipment, reagents and media). ⁷¹⁴

The Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, including the National Institute of Hygiene, the local equivalent of the National Public Health Institute, which also serves as the National Laboratory, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, have to abide to the official rules on public bids, as defined in Decree 2009-277. ⁷¹⁵ The Public Procurement Regulatory Authority – Togo (PPRA-TG) is in charge of implementing regulations (including for laboratory needs). It also rules on appeals when public bids are contested (this includes health or medical supplies). ⁷¹⁶ There is no evidence of a national and/or international procurement protocol or contract framework in place which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies (e.g. equipment, reagents and media) and medical supplies (e.g. equipment, PPE) for routine needs on the websites of these Ministries. ⁷¹⁷⁷¹⁸

4.2.2 Stockpiling for emergencies

4.2.2a Stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a stockpile of medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, medical equipment, PPE) for national use during a public health emergency defined by the overarching national public health emergency response plan, or that it has a plan to ensure equitable distribution in an emergency.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states in section P8 that vaccine storage capacity has been improved since the last assessment, but that the districts still face shortages, and that cold chain coverage is not yet comprehensive across districts. Its recommendations regarding increasing reach and regarding underserved (youth) populations suggests that no plan to ensure equitable distribution of vaccines is in place. ⁷¹⁹ In section R1, on logistics during emergencies, the JEE notes that Togo "does not have a stock of medical resources immediately available for use in an emergency situation". ⁷²⁰

In its April 2022 Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC), the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection lists the current stockpiles and reported needs of public stakeholders involved in emergency planning. The list includes WHO emergency kits, ambulances, and other supporting equipment, but does not provide detail on MCMs, medicines, and vaccines. Among the reported needs it does list various MCMS, medicines and medical equipment. ⁷²¹

The ANPC also published a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC) in 2022 which includes a chapter on Epidemics/Epizootics and discusses the provision of medical supplies in various emergency scenarios. ⁷²² The PNC provides planning for MCMs, medicines, equipment, and PPEs during public health emergencies, however, it does not describe the country's current stockpiles beyond noting that insufficient financial and material resources act as a constraint on all its contingency planning. The PNC does take into account various inequities in access to medical supplies during emergencies, but given the mentioned constraint it focuses on basic measures and does not offer a detailed plan to ensure equitable distribition. ⁷²³

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (National de Développement Sanitaire) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a section with financial estimates for required MCMs, medicines, and vaccines, but it does not mention a dedicated stockpile for national use during a public health emergency. ⁷²⁴ It does report that between 2017 and 2021, "The percentage of health facilities without stockouts of at least one indicator drug (over the last three months) rose from 39.0% in 2012 to 58.10% in 2021. However, more than 40% of health facilities still reported stockouts of essential medicines".

4.2.2b Stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 50

Togo has a stockpile of laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency, but there is limited evidence about what the stockpile contains.

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) section D1 assesses the capacity of Togo's national laboratory system and observes progress in establishing well-equipped national laboratories as well as regional veterinary laboratories since the 2018 JEE. ⁷²⁵ The JEE concludes that Togo has the capacity to analyse priority diseases during a public health emergency, i.e. it has a stockpile of laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for this purpose. It does not detail what the stockpile contains, however, and it suggests that Togo should improve the coverage of veterinary laboratories beyond the two existing regional laboratories; improve their stockpile of equipment and reagents; and increase funding to buy tests. ⁷²⁶

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut National d'Hygiène, INH) under the Ministry of Health is Togo's national reference laboratory for diseases with epidemic potential and coordinates the national network of human health laboratories. ⁷²⁷ The INH website lists its capacities and services in different medical and environmental fields, but it does not provide information on its stockpile of supplies. ⁷²⁸

In its April 2022 Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC), the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) lists the current stockpiles and reported needs of public stakeholders involved in emergency planning. ⁷²⁹ The list includes WHO emergency kits, ambulances, and other supporting equipment, but does not list any laboratory supplies. The ANPC also published a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC) in 2022 which includes a chapter on Epidemics/Epizootics and discusses the provision of medical supplies in various emergency scenarios. ⁷³⁰ The PNC provides planning for MCMs, medicines, equipment, and PPEs during public health emergencies, however, it does not describe the country's current stockpiles beyond noting that insufficient financial and material resources act as a constraint on all its contingency planning. ⁷³¹

4.2.2c Annual review of national stockpile to ensure sufficient supply

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo conducts or requires an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency.

Togo's stocks of medical supplies are disussed in various policy documents, but they focus on achieving sufficient supply under normal circumstances and preventing stockouts rather than ensuring that the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency. This is the case in the Ministry of Health's 2023 Performance Report, published in July 2024, which discusses the percentage of healthcare facilities without stockouts of at least one reference drug, in its National Health Development Plan 2023-2027 (National de Développement Sanitaire 2023-2027, PNDS), and in the 2022 Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC) published by the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC). ⁷³²⁷³³⁷³⁴ The PNDS does include a critical review of the Ministry's National Pharmaceutical Supply System in section 2.3.4, which "highlighted a series of weaknesses related to the architecture and governance of the system, the health product supply chain regulation [… and] supply in health emergencies." ⁷³⁵ There is no mention that this review is part of an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency.

Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) has a Laboratories Division which has as its remit to "Coordinate medical biology development activities within the framework of the relevant national policy; Develop and promote the regulatory framework for the practice of medical biology in the public and private sectors". ⁷³⁶ The DPML website, however, is currently offline, and archived versions do not include information regarding an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency. ⁷³⁷

4.2.3 Manufacturing and procurement for emergencies

4.2.3a Plan/agreement to produce/procure medical supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a plan/agreement to leverage public and/or private sector domestic (including regional) manufacturing capacity to produce medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, equipment, PPE) for national use during a public health emergency; that it has a plan/mechanism to procure medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, equipment, PPE) for national use during a public health emergency; or that is has a plan/mechanism to expedite medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, equipment, PPE) through points of entry (PoEs).

Togo's supply and procurement of medical supplies are disussed in various policy documents, but they focus on achieving sufficient supply under normal circumstances and preventing stockouts rather than manufacturing, procuring, or expediting supplies for national use during a public health emergency. This is the case in the Ministry of Health's 2023 Performance Report, published in July 2024, which discusses the percentage of healthcare facilities without stockouts of at least one reference drug, in its National Health Development Plan 2023-2027 (National de Développement Sanitaire 2023-2027, PNDS), and in the 2022 Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC) published by the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC). ⁷³⁸⁷³⁹⁷⁴⁰ The PNDS does include a critical review of the Ministry's National Pharmaceutical Supply System in section 2.3.4, which "highlighted a series of weaknesses related to the architecture and governance of the system, the health product supply chain regulation [… and] supply in health emergencies." ⁷⁴¹ The review does not mention a plan for manufacturing, procuring, or expediting supplies for national use during a public health emergency.

In section R1, on logistics during emergencies, the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) states that "Procedures for managing supplies in health emergencies have been developed" with a focal point active in each region, but it does not mention leveraging manufacturing capacity to produce supplies, or a plan to procure supplies or expedite them through PoEs. Instead, the section notes "No plan has yet been developed to define procedures and decision-making for sending and receiving medical supplies during a public health emergency. The country does not have a stockpile of medical supplies immediately available for use in an emergency. Warehouses are inadequate at all levels." ⁷⁴²

The website of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority – Togo (PPRA-TG), in charge of implementing procurement regulations including for medicine needs, does not mention a plan for procuring medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, equipment, PPE) for national use during a public health emergency, and no relevant information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the Ministry of Defense, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ⁷⁴³⁷⁴⁴⁷⁴⁵⁷⁴⁶⁷⁴⁷⁷⁴⁸

4.2.3b Plan/agreement to produce/procure lab supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a plan/agreement to leverage public and/or private sector domestic (including regional) manufacturing capacity to produce laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency; that it has a plan/mechanism to procure laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency; or that it has a plan/mechanism to expedite laboratory supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, equipment, PPE) through points of entry.

The National Institute of Hygiene (Institut National d'Hygiène, INH) under the Ministry of Health is Togo's national reference laboratory for diseases with epidemic potential and coordinates the national network of human health laboratories. ⁷⁵⁰ The INH website lists its capacities and services in different medical and environmental fields, but it does not mention a plan for manufacturing, procuring, or expediting laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency. ⁷⁵¹

The website of the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority – Togo (PPRA-TG), in charge of implementing regulations including for laboratory needs, does not mention a plan for procuring laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency, and no relevant information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the Ministry of Defense, and the National Civil Protection Agency. ⁷⁵²⁷⁵³⁷⁵⁴⁷⁵⁵⁷⁵⁶⁷⁵⁷

Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) has a Laboratories Division which has as its remit to "Coordinate medical biology development activities within the framework of the relevant national policy; Develop and promote the regulatory framework for the practice of medical biology in the public and private sectors". ⁷⁵⁸ The DPML website, however, is currently offline, and archived versions do not include information regarding a plan for manufacturing, procuring, or expediting laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency. ⁷⁵⁹

4.2.3c Mechanism emergency logistics and supply chain management

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has a vaccine distribution and cold-chain management system which is periodically evaluated every three to four years; there is no evidence, however, that Togo has a general system or mechanism for national and subnational levels for emergency logistics and supply chain management, that its emergency logistics and supply chain management are reviewed, evaluated and updated on a regular basis, or cover the public and private sector.

In section P8 the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states that Togo has a national and district-level vaccine distribution and cold-chain management system, supported by UNICEF and periodically evaluated every three to four years. The JEE also states that the districts still face shortages, and that cold chain coverage is not yet comprehensive across districts. ⁷⁶⁰

In section R1, on logistics during emergencies, the JEE states that "Procedures for managing supplies in health emergencies have been developed" with a focal point active in each region, but the section notes that "No plan has yet been developed to define procedures and decision-making for sending and receiving medical supplies during a public health emergency." ⁷⁶¹ The JEE awards Togo a score of 2 for emergency logistics and supply chain management. ⁷⁶²

Togo's supply and logistics of medical supplies are disussed in various policy documents, but they focus on achieving sufficient supply under normal circumstances and preventing stockouts rather than providing a system or mechanism for national and subnational levels for emergency logistics and supply chain management. This is the case in the Ministry of Health's 2023 Performance Report, published in July 2024, which discusses the percentage of healthcare facilities without stockouts of at least one reference drug, in its National Health Development Plan 2023-2027 (National de Développement Sanitaire 2023-2027, PNDS), and in the 2022 Civil Protection Response Plan (Plan d’organisation de la réponse de sécurité civile, ORSEC) published by the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC). ⁷⁶³⁷⁶⁴⁷⁶⁵ The PNDS does include a critical review of the Ministry's National Pharmaceutical Supply System in section 2.3.4, which "highlighted a series of weaknesses related to the architecture and governance of the system, the health product supply chain regulation [… and] supply in health emergencies." ⁷⁶⁶

4.3 Medical countermeasures and personnel deployment

4.3.1 System for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

4.3.1a Plan/program/guidelines for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a plan, program, or guidelines in place for dispensing medical countermeasures (MCM) for national use during a public health emergency (i.e., antibiotics, vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics).

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, has in 2022 published a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC) which provides planning for MCMs and medicines during public health emergencies in section 3.2, but the plan does not provide detail beyond listing general need for items such as "Testing materials; Resuscitation equipment; Vaccines; Cholera kits; PPE kits; Medicines and consumables". In section 4.1.2 it does list actions to be taken within the first 24 hours, 48 hours, and two weeks respectively, but these actions do not specify MCMs to be dispensed. ⁷⁶⁷

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo notes that the country had published a National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2021-2023 following up on a 2018 JEE recommendation, but that its followup was still under review. ⁷⁶⁸ An August 2025 Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene announcement states that the country has "developed, budgeted and validated" its PANSS 2025-2027. ⁷⁶⁹ No current or previous PANSS policy document, however, is available on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene (INH), the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment, nor on the Togo country page of the WHO Strategic Partnership Portal, the WHO's National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) page, or the WHO's Documents page, allowing no confirmation of whether it includes a plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens. ⁷⁷⁰⁷⁷¹⁷⁷²⁷⁷³⁷⁷⁴⁷⁷⁵⁷⁷⁶⁷⁷⁷⁷⁷⁸⁷⁷⁹⁷⁸⁰

4.3.2 System for receiving foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

4.3.2a Plan to receive foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has plan in place to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency.

The National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, has in 2022 published a Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC) which provides planning for personnel during public health emergencies in section 3.2, but the plan does not provide detail beyond listing general need for items such as "qualified human resources; financial resources; capacity building for stakeholders and the local community". In section 4.1.2 it does list actions to be taken within the first 24 hours, 48 hours, and two weeks respectively, but apart from mentioning "Mobilization of personnel" it does not provide a plan to facilitate workforce surge. ⁷⁸²

The 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section D3 states "No national strategic plan is in place or under development for multisectoral reinforcement of personnel in the event of an emergency." ⁷⁸³

There is no public evidence of a plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁷⁸⁴⁷⁸⁵⁷⁸⁶⁷⁸⁷⁷⁸⁸⁷⁸⁹

4.3.2b Plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a plan in place to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency.

The Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published in 2022 by the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, and the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo do not mention a plan to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency. ⁷⁹⁰⁷⁹¹ The JEE does mention as strengths under indicator R1.3 "mobilization and deployment of teams (Emergency Response Team (ERT), Emergency Medical Team (EMT), reinforce and utilize Emergency Response Groups (SURGE)) to support the intermediate level in emergency situations". ⁷⁹²

There is no public evidence of a plan to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁷⁹³⁷⁹⁴⁷⁹⁵⁷⁹⁶⁷⁹⁷⁷⁹⁸

4.3.2c Plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a public plan in place to redeploy existing health personnel within the country.

In section D3 the 2024 World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo states that "To deal with the COVID-19 epidemic, the sector has relied on the redeployment of staff to staff the care and isolation centers that had been set up. Reinforcements in the event of an emergency are organized and provided by staff from the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP)." In the same section, however, it also states "No national strategic plan is in place or under development for multisectoral reinforcement of personnel in the event of an emergency." ⁷⁹⁹

The COUSP does not have a dedicated website or publicly availabe guiding policy document; and Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG dated 15 September 2017 Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) does not provide a plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country. ⁸⁰⁰

The Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published in 2022 by the National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC), housed under the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, does not mention a plan to redeploy existing health personnel, and there is no evidence of such a plan on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁸⁰¹⁸⁰²⁸⁰³⁸⁰⁴⁸⁰⁵⁸⁰⁶⁸⁰⁷

4.4 Healthcare access

4.4.1 Access to healthcare

4.4.1a Constitutional guarantee of citizens’ right to medical care

Score: 50

Togo's constitution describes citizens’ right to medical care in aspirational language.

Law No. 2024-005 of May 6, 2024, establishing the Constitution of the Togolese Republic (Loi n° 2024-005 du 6 mai 2024 portant Constitution de la République togolaise), repealing the previous 1992 Constitution, in article 17 states "The State recognizes everyone's right to health protection and the right to enjoy a healthy environment. It works to promote this right. Public authorities ensure the rational use of all natural resources in order to protect and improve the quality of life and defend the environment." ⁸⁰⁸

4.4.1b Access to skilled birth attendants (% of population)

Score: 54.41

4.4.1c Out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita, PPP (current international $)

Score: 87.23

4.4.1d Coverage of essential health services through universal health coverage

Score: 35.42

4.4.1e Total population pushed below a relative poverty line by household health expenditure (60% of media daily per capita consumption or income)

Score: 63.99

4.4.1f Rate of mortality amenable to health care

Score: 74.48

4.4.2 Paid medical leave

4.4.2a Guaranteed paid sick leave

Score: 66.67

Togolese workers are guaranteed paid sick leave, but there is no evidence that it is available for mental as well as physical health problems.

Sick leave in Togo is regulated by Law No. 2006-010 of December 13, 2006, Labour Code, and the 2011 Interprofessional Collective Agreement of Togo. ⁸⁰⁹⁸¹⁰ Both guarantee workers paid sick leave, although the Labour Code in Article 58 only allows payment of income after the first six months of illness. They do not mention mental health problems. ⁸¹¹⁸¹²

4.4.3 Healthcare worker access to healthcare

4.4.3a Government prioritisation of care for healthcare workers during response

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the Togolese government has issued legislation, a policy, or a public statement committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency.

The Ministry of Health has in June 2017 published a Strategic Plan for Safety and Health at Work for Healthcare Workers in Togo: 2017-2022 (Plan Stratégique pour la Sécurité et la Santé au Travail des Travailleurs de la Santé au Togo: 2017-2022). ⁸¹³ Its Strategic Objectives (OS) are: "OS1: Strengthen the legal and institutional framework. OS2: Promote occupational safety and health for healthcare workers. OS3: Build the capacity of stakeholders to manage initial training and equipment for occupational safety and health for healthcare workers. OS4: Strengthen coordination, monitoring, evaluation, and research on occupational safety and health in healthcare settings." None of the measures to implement these objectives mention committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency. ⁸¹⁴

There is no public evidence of legislation, a policy, or a public statement committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁸¹⁶⁸¹⁷⁸¹⁸⁸¹⁹⁸²⁰⁸²¹

4.5 Communications with healthcare workers during a public health emergency

4.5.1 Communication with healthcare workers

4.5.1a Existence of system for communication during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency.

The 2024 World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo in section R1 states that Togo's Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) has an information system, but that its specific software for emergency information management is not operational, that regional COUSPs are not fully operational yet, and that focal point contact information needs to be updated to facilitate the dissemination of information. Togo's COUSP does not have a website or publicly availabe guiding policy document; Ministerial Decree N°165/2017/MSPS/CAB/SG Establishing the Creation, Organization, and Operation of the Public Health Emergency Operations Center (COUSP) does mention that its coordination objective is implemented by a communications section, but does not mention which system this section uses. ⁸²²

The Ministry of Health's 2023 Performance Report, published in July 2024, in section 2.1.4 mentions consistent use of DHIS2 for reporting during epidemics, but does not mention a more general communication system for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency. ⁸²⁴

4.5.1b Inclusion of public and private sector in healthcare communication system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Togo has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency which encompasses healthcare workers in both the public and private sector

4.6 Infection control practices

4.6.1 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) monitoring

4.6.1a Evidence of national public health system monitoring and tracking of HCAIs

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the national public health system is monitoring for and tracking the number of healthcare associated infections (HCAI) that take place in healthcare facilities.

The National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, and the Strategic Plan for Safety and Health at Work for Healthcare Workers in Togo: 2017-2022 (Plan Stratégique pour la Sécurité et la Santé au Travail des Travailleurs de la Santé au Togo: 2017-2022) provide estimates of occupational illness and infections of healthcare personnel respectively, suggesting that no comprehensive monitoring takes place. ⁸²⁸⁸²⁹

There is no evidence of monitoring for and tracking the number of healthcare associated infections (HCAI) that take place in healthcare facilities on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Institute of Hygiene. ⁸³⁰⁸³¹

4.6.1b Infection prevention and control programme

Score: 0

There is no evidence of an infection prevention and control programme in place nationally.

Infection prevention and control are listed as measures to be taken at the time of public health emergencies in the Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, the National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, and the National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023. ⁸³²⁸³³⁸³⁴ These documents, however, do not mention a dedicated national infection prevention and control programme in place or planned.

There is no evidence of an infection prevention and control programme on the websites of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, the National Civil Protection Agency, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Environment. ⁸³⁵⁸³⁶⁸³⁷⁸³⁸⁸³⁹⁸⁴⁰

When it lifted Covid-19 travel restrictions in July 2023, the government stated "travelers aged 12 and over are encouraged to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and observe hygiene measures". ⁸⁴¹

4.6.1c National plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has a plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally.

The Ministry of Health has in June 2017 published a Strategic Plan for Safety and Health at Work for Healthcare Workers in Togo: 2017-2022 (Plan Stratégique pour la Sécurité et la Santé au Travail des Travailleurs de la Santé au Togo: 2017-2022). ⁸⁴² Its Strategic Objectives (OS) are: "OS1: Strengthen the legal and institutional framework. OS2: Promote occupational safety and health for healthcare workers. OS3: Build the capacity of stakeholders to manage initial training and equipment for occupational safety and health for healthcare workers. OS4: Strengthen coordination, monitoring, evaluation, and research on occupational safety and health in healthcare settings." There is no evidence, however, of a follow-up plan having been published on the websites of the Ministry of Health or on its Health Promotion Division (where the 2017-2022) is available). ⁸⁴³⁸⁴⁴

The National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes measures for the occupational safety of health workers within strategic objective 1 (OS1), namely: "improving the legal framework, with particular attention to regulatory texts; strengthening the technical capacities of occupational safety and health management units at all levels, including enterprises, institutions, and organizations; strengthening the WHO/ILO HealthWISE program; and improving the monitoring of occupational risks, accidents, and diseases". ⁸⁴⁵ This suggests that Togo's plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally is being implemented beyond the 2017-2022 timeframe.

The National Health Policy (Politique Nationale de Sante Horizon 2030, PNS), published by the Ministry of Health in January 2023, in section 2.3.2 lists actions taken towards occupational safety of health workers, including having developed the 2017-2022 plan as well as "supervising 13 HealthWISE pilot centers; conducting a formative evaluation of Infection Prevention and Control and HealthWISE in 60 healthcare facilities; training staff at COVID-19 treatment centers and healthcare facilities on emergency HealthWISE procedures; establishing regional and prefectural HealthWISE committees, developing occupational health and safety guidelines and protocols for reducing COVID-19 in health facilities, and conducting a survey on HealthWISE in the Kloto district." Nonetheless, section 2.4.4.2 assesses implementation of HealthWise as having thus far been insufficient (without providing justification). ⁸⁴⁶

Per the WHO/UNICEF Country Progress Tracker of practical steps to sustain WASH services and practices in health care settings, Togo is listed as having partially or fully completed the steps Situational Analysis, Baseline Assessment, Roadmap and Targets, Healthcare Waste Management Standard, and Workforce Development. ⁸⁴⁷ The first three steps confirm the existence of a plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities.

4.7 Capacity to test and approve new medical countermeasures

4.7.1 Regulatory process for clinical trials of unregistered interventions

4.7.1a Requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial

Score: 100

There exists a national requirement for ethical review (e.g., from an ethics committee or via Institutional Review Board approval) before beginning a clinical trial in Togo.

The Ministry of Health has in 2008 set up a Bioethics Committee for Health Research, the founding charter of which outlines the responsibilities of the bioethics review committee. Article 9 of its 2009 charter says that "the Ministry of Health authorizes or does not authorize the research project on the basis of the recommendation of the committee". ⁸⁴⁸ The Ministry of Health issued other decrees to define the scope of the work of the committee, but these are not available online ("Arrêté nº 46-126 of 15 March 2007" and "Arrêté n°0120/2008 of 20 June 2008"). ⁸⁴⁹

4.7.1b Expedited approval for clinical trials of unregistered MCMs during epidemics

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence of an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures (MCM) or mutual recognition of clinical trial results taking place elsewhere to treat ongoing pandemics or epidemics in Togo.

The website of Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML), responsible for clinical tials, is currently offline, and archived versions do not cover its page on the subject. ⁸⁵⁰

There is no information regarding approval or recognition of clinical trials available on the websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and the National Institute of Hygiene. ⁸⁵¹⁸⁵²⁸⁵³ There is no evidence in the 2009 charter of Togo's Bioethics Committee for Health Research either. ⁸⁵⁴

4.7.2 Regulatory process for approving medical countermeasures

4.7.2a Existence of agency responsible for approving new human MCMs

Score: 100

Togo has a government agency responsible for approving new medical countermeasures (MCM) for humans.

Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) has a medicines division which has as its objectives to "Organize the evaluation of administrative and technical files for applications for approval of medicines and other health products; Ensure quality control of medicines and other health products placed on the market with the support of the National Laboratory for Quality Control of Medicines". ⁸⁵⁵

The Ministry of Health has set up a Bioethics Committee for Health Research (CBRS) in 2009, but it is unclear if this committee deals with MCMs. ⁸⁵⁶⁸⁵⁷

4.7.2b Expedited approval for human MCMs during public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence of an expedited process for approving medical countermeasures (MCM) for human use or recognition of approval decisions taking place elsewhere during public health emergencies.

Togo's Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML) is responsible for approving MCMs for human use, but archived versions of its website, which is currently offline, do not mention an expedited process for approving MCMs for human use or recognition of approval decisions taking place elsewhere during public health emergencies. ⁸⁵⁸ Its page on drug approval merely states "According to Decree No. 0021/2013/MS/CAB/SG of February 27, 2013, on the organization of the services of the Ministry of Health, any marketing of a drug on Togolese territory must be done after obtaining a Marketing Authorization (MA) following an administrative and technical review by the competent authorities." ⁸⁵⁹

The Ministry of Health has set up a Bioethics Committee for Health Research (CBRS) in 2009, but it is unclear if this committee deals with MCMs. ⁸⁶⁰⁸⁶¹

There is no information regarding an expedited process for approving MCMs available on the websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and the National Institute of Hygiene. ⁸⁶²⁸⁶³⁸⁶⁴

Commitment to International Norms

5.1 IHR reporting compliance and disaster risk reduction

5.1.1 Official IHR reporting

5.1.1a Submission of IHR reports to the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Togo has submitted an IHR Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) to the WHO for the last calendar year, with the latest submission in 2024.⁸⁶⁵

5.1.2 Integration of health into disaster risk reduction

5.1.2a Existence of specific risk reduction strategies for epidemics and pandemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that epidemics and pandemics integrated into the national risk reduction strategy or is there a standalone national disaster risk reduction strategy for epidemics and pandemics.

According to the World Food Program's 2022 Togo Country Strategic Plan (2022–2026), "the Government, with support from United Nations entities, has designed an integrated national disaster reduction strategy and an operational contingency plan." ⁸⁶⁶ Togo's current national disaster reduction strategy, however, was not found on the websites of the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection, its National Civil Protection Agency, or the websites of the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, and Environment. ⁸⁶⁷⁸⁶⁸⁸⁶⁹⁸⁷⁰⁸⁷¹

The National Civil Protection Policy Horizon 2030 (La Politique Nationale de la Protection Civile Horizon 2030), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2016, includes epidemics among the hazards accounted for by the ANPC's policy, but does not include specific measures to integrate them into the policy. ⁸⁷²

The Multirisk Contingency Plan (Plan National de Contingence multirisques du Togo, PNC), published by the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection's National Civil Protection Agency (Agence Nationale de la Protection Civile, ANPC) in 2022, does include a chapter on epidemics, but the focus of this document is on emergency response, not on DRR. ⁸⁷³

5.2 Cross-border agreements on public health and animal health emergency response

5.2.1 Cross-border agreements

5.2.1a Existence of public health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 100

Togo has agreements with neighboring countries as part of a regional group with regards to public health emergencies which it actively implements.

Togo is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) West African Health Organization, and actively reports disease outbreak statistics to its shared surveillance dashboard. ⁸⁷⁴⁸⁷⁵ Program 3 of the Organization concerns "Epidemics and other Health Emergencies". ⁸⁷⁶ Togo's Secretary General of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene attended an emergency meeting on Mpox for ECOWAS Ministers of Health in August 2024. ⁸⁷⁷

Togo is a member of the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's public health emergency preparedness and response network operated by its Western Africa Regional Coordination Center. ⁸⁷⁸

5.2.1b Existence of animal health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 50

Togo has general agreements with neighboring countries as part of a regional group with regards to animal health emergencies, but there is evidence of gaps in implementation.

The Economic Community of West African States' (ECOWAS) Regional Animal Health Center (RAHC) has as one of its main objectives to "coordinate and harmonize policies and interventions for the control of transboundary animal diseases and zoonoses" ⁸⁷⁹. Togo is an ECOWAS member state and has particpated in RAHC initiatives on livestock development and agro-pastoral infrastructure, but no cross-border agreements, protocols, or MOUs with neighboring countries developed with the RAHC are mentioned. ⁸⁸⁰

In 2019, the African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) enacted the Animal Health Strategy for Africa 2019-2035, which includes the goal of promoting the establishment of early warning, emergency response mechanisms and disaster fund for animal resources at national, regional and continental levels. ⁸⁸¹ It includes goals to adapt emergency preparedness and response framework guidelines, train and simulate exercises at regional and national levels, establish regional response teams and mechanism, and establish a continental-level disaster fund. ⁸⁸² Togo has been an African Union member since 25 May 1963. ⁸⁸³ A 2024 AU-IBAR mission in Benin and Togo suggest that the county participates in the implementation of AU-IBAR policy, but no cross-border agreements, protocols, or MOUs with neighboring countries developed under the policy are mentioned. ⁸⁸⁴

5.3 International commitments

5.3.1 Participation in international agreements

5.3.1a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention status

Score: 100

Togo has been a party to the Biological Weapons Convention since November 1976; it implements the Convention through several measures of Law No. 2015-010 of 24 November 2015 Promulgating the New Penal Code. ⁸⁸⁵⁸⁸⁶

5.3.1b Submission of CBMs to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Score: 100

Togo has submitted Biological Weapons Convention confidence building measures reports in 2023, 2024, and 2025. They are not publicly available on the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs website. ⁸⁸⁷

5.3.1c Submission of UNSCR 1540 reports

Score: 100

Togo has provided the required United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540 report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (1540 Committee). It has submitted national reports to the 1540 Committee in 2010, 2014, and 2019. ⁸⁸⁸

5.3.1d Extent of UNSCR 1540 implementation on public health emergencies

Score: 0

5.3.2 Voluntary memberships

5.3.2a Membership in global health security and/or biological weapons agreements

Score: 0

Togo is only a member of the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).

According to their websites, Togo is not a member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (GP) and the Australia Group (AG). ⁸⁸⁹⁸⁹⁰ The United States Department of State website does list Togo as a PSI member. ⁸⁹¹

5.4 JEE and PVS

5.4.1 Completion and publication of a JEE assessment and gap analysis

5.4.1a Completion and publication of JEE (or GHSA pilot external assessment) report

Score: 100

Togo's most recent Joint External Evaluation (JEE) was conducted August 19-23, 2024. Its findings were published as a full public report titled Joint External Evaluation of Togo's Key Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report August 19–23, 2024 (Évaluation externe conjointe des principales capacités du Règlement sanitaire international (2005) du Togo Rapport de mission 19–23 août 2024). ⁸⁹²

5.4.2 Completion and publication of a PVS assessment and gap analysis

5.4.2a Completion and publication of PVS report (past five years)

Score: 0

Togo has not completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) assessment in the last five years. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) PVS Reports database, Togo has conducted a Workforce Assessment Mission (Analyse de la Demographie et du Maillage Veterinaires Rapport) in 2022, and prior to that a Follow Up (Rapport de mission d’évaluation PVS de suivi) in 2019. ⁸⁹³

5.4.2b Completion and publication of PVS gap analysis (past five years)

Score: 0

Togo has not completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) PVS Reports database, Togo has most recently conducted a gap analysis in 2010. ⁸⁹⁴

5.5 Financing

5.5.1 National financing for epidemic preparedness

5.5.1a Evidence of allocated national funds to improve capacity to address epidemic threats

Score: 100

Togo has allocated national funds to improve capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats within the past three years.

Togo's current National Health Development Plan (Plan National de Développement Sanitaire, PNDS) 2023-2027, published by the Ministry of Health in May 2023, includes a strategic focus (number 4) on responses to epidemics and other public health emergencies. ⁸⁹⁵ The Ministry of Health's 2023 Annual Performance Report, published in July 2024, lists the 2023 budget allocation that was reserved for strategic focus 4 as well as actual expenditure during the year. It also describes the specific actions undertaken and results achieved in epidemic surveillance and response. ⁸⁹⁶

The World Health Organization's 2024 Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report notes that "the funding available for IHR implementation is insufficient" and that implementation of the 2021-2023 National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027 had been low as a result. ⁸⁹⁷ The JEE also observes that funding of Togo's PANSS is allocated per sector through the respective sectoral ministries, and there exists no centralized budget for its implementation.

5.5.2 Financing under JEE and PVS reports and gap analyses

5.5.2a National budget to address gaps identified in JEE, NAPHS or GHSA roadmap

Score: 0

The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) report does not describe specific funding from the national budget (covering a time-period either in the future or within the past five years) to address the identified gaps.

The JEE of Togo's Key Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report August 19–23, 2024 in section P2 describes national budget funding, but observes that it distributed per sector and ministry/agency rather than for IHR activities or identified gaps. The section recommends to "Establish a specific budget line allocated to IHR activities, taking into account all sectors included in the NAPHS (e.g., in the area of safety in the livestock and agriculture sector, the area of biochemical safety and biological safety)."

5.5.2b National budget to address gaps identified in PVS assessment or gap analysis

Score: 0

Togo's Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis and PVS assessment do not allocate or describe specific funding from the national budget (covering a time-period either in the future or within the past five years) to address the identified gaps.

According to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) PVS Reports database, Togo has conducted a Workforce Assessment Mission (Analyse de la Demographie et du Maillage Veterinaires Rapport) in 2022, and prior to that a Follow Up (Rapport de mission d’évaluation PVS de suivi) in 2019. ⁸⁹⁸ Neither document mentions specific funding from the national budget covering a time-period either within the past five years to address the identified gaps.

Togo has most recently conducted a gap analysis in 2010, which does not provide a budget allocation within the past five years. ⁸⁹⁹

5.5.3 Financing for emergency response

5.5.3a Emergency public financing during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence of a special emergency public financing mechanism and funds which the country can access in the face of a public health emergency in the form of established agreements with World Bank pandemic financing facilities.

The country is eligible to receive support from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank. ⁹⁰⁰ In order to strengthen Togo's control of epidemics and epizootics in the country, it joined the IDA-financed Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) project supporting the countries of the Economic Community West African States (ECOWAS). REDISSE, "which became effective in 2017, has been very useful for the initial response to the COVID-19 epidemic in Togo. REDISSE II has ordered through the UN agencies three medicalized ambulances, two mobile laboratories, thermoflash, thermal cameras, Masks, PPE, and Laboratory reagents to name a few things. It is also refurbishing a few treatment centers as well as supporting all regional, and hospital personnels, 44 health districts in disease surveillane, prevention and control". ⁹⁰¹

The World Health Organization's 2024 Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report states that "a budget reorganization mechanism established by law allows for the mobilization of certain state financial resources during a public health emergency." ⁹⁰² It also states that the country participates in the World Bank's Pandemic Fund and was awarded USD 14 million after its 2023 application with the fund. However, the JEE also observes that no dedicated national reserve fund exists, notes that "standard operating procedures for the prompt disbursement of funds" are not yet defined and that no "integrated mechanism for monitoring funding allocated to the implementation of the IHR" exists. ⁹⁰³

5.5.4 Accountability for international commitments to address epidemic threats

5.5.4a Commitments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that senior Togolese leaders have in the past three years made a public commitment to improving domestic capacity by requesting support.

In August 2022 then President Faure Gnassingbé (President of the Council as of summer 2025) held a speech at the 72nd session of the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Committee for Africa in which he calls from multilateral solidarity to improve domestic capacity in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic. ⁹⁰⁴

A July 2025 WHO Togo Information Bulletin describes meetings of the WHO Resident Representative with Gnassingbé and Minister of Health Tchin Darré. Togo's capacity to address epidemic threats was discussed during those meetings, and the WHO received thanks for its technical and financial assistance. ⁹⁰⁵

In August 2025 the Ministry of Health announced a joint initiative launched together with the WHO to discuss financial and technical resources for the implementation of the National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027. ⁹⁰⁶

5.5.4b Investments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that Togo has requested financing and technical support from donors to improve the country’s domestic capacity to address epidemic threats.

In August 2025 the Ministry of Health announced a joint initiative launched together with the World Health Organization (WHO) to discuss financial and technical resources for the implementation of the National Action Plan for Health Security (Plan d’action national pour la sécurité sanitaire, PANSS) 2025-2027. ⁹⁰⁷

A July 2025 WHO Togo Information Bulletin describes meetings of the WHO Resident Representative with President of the Council Faure Gnassingbé and with Minister of Health Tchin Darré. Togo's capacity to address epidemic threats was discussed during those meetings, and the WHO received thanks for its technical and financial assistance. ⁹⁰⁸

5.5.4c Evidence that the country has fulfilled its full WHO contribution within the past two years

Score: 100

Togo has fulfilled its full contribution to the World Health Organization (WHO) within the past two years. Individual Statement of Account documents for 2025 and 2024 are available on the website of the WHO and list contributions received in advance by the WHO from Togo. ⁹⁰⁹⁹¹⁰

5.6 Commitment to sharing of genetic & biological data & specimens

5.6.1 Commitment to share data and specimens in emergency/non-emergency research

5.6.1a Sharing of genetic/biological data and materials beyond influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a plan or policy for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens (biological materials) along with the associated epidemiological data with international organizations and/or other countries that goes beyond influenza.

The World Health Organization's 2024 Joint External Evaluation of Togo's Core Capacities under the International Health Regulations (2005) Mission Report does not mention a plan or policy for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens (biological materials). ⁹¹¹

There is no evidence of such a plan on the websites of the National Institute of Hygiene, the Directorate of Pharmacy, Medicines, and Laboratories (DPML), and the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Environment, Higher Education and Research, and Security and Civil Protection. ⁹¹²⁹¹³⁹¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁹¹⁷

5.6.1b Evidence of non-compliance with sample sharing element of PIP framework

Score: 100

There is no public evidence that Togo has not shared samples in accordance with the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) framework in the past two years. There has been no relevant news issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) or top international and local media outlets in the past two years. ⁹¹⁸

In Summer 2023 Togo participated in a Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) framework workshop and "recognized the importance of introducing the WHO’s Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative in the Africa region". ⁹¹⁹

5.6.1c Evidence of non-sharing of pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak

Score: 100

In June 2023 Togo participated in a Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) framework workshop and "recognized the importance of introducing the WHO’s Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative in the Africa region". ⁹²¹

Risk Environment

6.1 Political and security risk

6.1.1 Government effectiveness

6.1.1a Policy formation

Score: 50

6.1.1b Quality of bureaucracy

Score: 0

6.1.1c Excessive bureaucracy/red tape

Score: 50

6.1.1d Vested interests/cronyism

Score: 25

6.1.1e Corruption

Score: 32

6.1.1f Accountability of public officials

Score: 25

6.1.1g Human rights risk

Score: 25

6.1.2 Orderly transfers of power

6.1.2a Orderly transfers of power

Score: 0

6.1.3 Risk of social unrest

6.1.3a Risk of social unrest

Score: 25

6.1.4 Illicit activities by non-state actors

6.1.4a Risk of terrorism

Score: 50

6.1.4b Level of illicit arms flows within the country

Score: 50

6.1.4c Risk of organized criminal activity

Score: 50

6.1.5 Armed conflict

6.1.5a Presence or risk of armed conflict

Score: 75

6.1.6 Government territorial control

6.1.6a Government territorial control

Score: 100

6.1.7 International tensions

6.1.7a International tensions

Score: 0

6.2 Socio-economic resilience

6.2.1 Literacy

6.2.1a Adult literacy rate (15+ years old, both sexes)

Score: 76.87

6.2.2 Gender equality

6.2.2a UNDP Gender Inequality Index score

Score: 25.74

6.2.3 Social inclusion

6.2.3a Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%)

Score: 36.64

6.2.3b Share of employment in the informal sector

Score: 0

6.2.3c Coverage of social insurance programs (% of population)

Score: 33.33

6.2.4 Public confidence in government

6.2.4a Public confidence in government

Score: 0

6.2.5 Local media and reporting

6.2.5a Robust, open, diverse local media and reporting

Score: 0

6.2.6 Inequality

6.2.6a Gini coefficient

Score: 62.1

6.3 Infrastructure adequacy

6.3.1 Adequacy of road network

6.3.1a Adequacy of road network

Score: 0

6.3.2 Adequacy of airports

6.3.2a Adequacy of airports

Score: 25

6.3.3 Adequacy of power network

6.3.3a Adequacy of power network

Score: 25

6.4 Environmental risks

6.4.1 Urbanisation

6.4.1a Urban population (% of total population)

Score: 60.73

6.4.2 Land use

6.4.2a Change in forest area (percentage points)

Score: 69.9

6.4.3 Natural disaster risk

6.4.3a Natural disaster risk

Score: 75

6.5 Public health vulnerabilities

6.5.1 Access to quality healthcare

6.5.1a Total life expectancy (years)

Score: 37.54

6.5.1b NCD mortality rate

Score: 49.41

6.5.1c Population aged 65+

Score: 89.06

6.5.1d Tobacco use (% of adults)

Score: 76.35

6.5.1e Level of adult obesity (%)

Score: 83.52

6.5.1f Age-standardised prevalence of mental health disorders (per 100 000 people)

Score: 81.94

6.5.2 Access to potable water and sanitation

6.5.2a Access to potable water

Score: 64.95

6.5.2b Access to at least basic sanitation facilities

Score: 24.89

6.5.2c Percentage of health-care facilities with no access to any electricity supply

Score: 0

6.5.3 Public healthcare spending levels per capita

6.5.3a Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (PPP)

Score: 1.17

6.5.4 Trust in medical and health advice

6.5.4a Trust medical and health advice from the government

Score: 0

6.5.4b Trust medical and health advice from medical workers

Score: 50

Citations

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