Burkina Faso: Score Justification Summary

2026

1.1 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

1.1.1 AMR surveillance, detection and reporting

1.1.1a National plan for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a national AMR plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has a National Multisectoral Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-2020), which has been implemented (p. 20). ¹ A new antimicrobial resistance plan for the period 2024-2026 has been developed and is awaiting approval by the authorities (p. 20). ²

The National Multisectoral Action Plan on AMR (2017), developed by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Ministry of Animal and Fisheries Resources, included measures related to the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority pathogens. ³

According to the WHO report "Burkina Faso national action plan on antimicrobial resistance: Review of progress in the human health sector" (2021), a new national action plan (NAP) has been developed and is awaiting official endorsement (p. 12). ⁴ However, there is no evidence that the new plan has been enacted yet on the official website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the WHO's Library of AMR national action plans, or the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database. ⁵ ⁶ ⁷

1.1.1b Capacity of national lab/lab system to test for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 50

Burkina Faso has a national laboratory system which tests for priority AMR pathogens. However, there is no evidence it tests for all 7 + 1 priority pathogens.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has reference laboratories responsible for disease prevention, control, and surveillance in all sectors (p. 35), and it has the capacity to diagnose certain priority diseases (p. 38). ⁸

Moreover, the Biomedical Research Laboratory (LaReBio) of the Research Institute of Health Science collaborates with the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene to test for COVID-19, viral hepatitis, HIV, malaria, and parasitic diseases (p. 24). ⁹

The laboratory system in Burkina Faso tests for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Pasteurella spp, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Acinetobacter baumanii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ¹⁰

There is no further information on the official website of the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) or the Ministry of Health. ¹¹ ¹²

1.1.1c National environmental surveillance for AMR residues/organisms

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso conducts environmental detection or surveillance activities for antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms.

The Laboratory for Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens (LaPathER) of the Nazi BONI University, created in 2022, implements the FASO-RAM project. ¹³ ¹⁴ The FASO-RAM project aims to research on the determinants of AMR in Burkina Faso by implementing a "One Health" approach that integrates surveillance in humans, animals, and the environment to analyse clinical data and samples from university hospitals and primary care centers, while exploring the patient environment, including livestock and companion animals, to better understand the dynamics of AMR transmission, with the collaboration of National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (LNR-RAM) of the University Hospital Center of Sourô Sanou and the Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control (IRD-MIVEGEC) unit of the French Research Institute for Development (IRD). ¹⁵ However, there is no mention on whether it conducts surveillance activities for AMR organisms in waterways or soil, and there is no update on the project's progress on LaPathER's website. ¹⁶ ¹⁷

There is no reference to environmental detection or surveillance activities on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), or the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database. ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹

A 2024 article titled "Isolation and Characterization of Environmental Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso" underscored the "need for active surveillance of AMR to monitor the dissemination of the risk of acquisition of multi-resistant bacteria from the environment". ²²

1.1.2 Antimicrobial control

1.1.2a National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (humans)

Score: 50

Burkina Faso has national legislation or regulations in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for humans.

Pursuant to Article 130 of the Public Health Code (Law No. 23/94/ADP of 19 May 1994), physicians and dental surgeons can prescribe medicine within the limits of their respective expertise. ²³

In accordance with Article 4 of Decree No. 2018-0861/PRES/PM/MINEFID of 5 October 2018, the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (ANRP), under the purview of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, is responsible for governing the pharmaceutical sector, and to monitor and issue health policy decisions. ²⁴

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has a practical guide for the proper prescription of antibiotics and conducts activities to monitor their consumption and quality in hospitals, including antibiotic prescription audits and training of healthcare providers on the proper use (p. 21). ²⁵ However, it also states that the specific regulatory framework for antibiotics use muse be strengthened and the regulations on their supply and accessibility must be enforced (pp. 21-22). ²⁶

The Practical Guide for the Proper Prescription of Antibiotics in Burkina Faso (2019) recommends prescribing antibiotics only in necessary cases (p. 22). ²⁷

A 2021 report titled "Review of the policy and regulatory framework for optimizing antimicrobial management in Burkina Faso" underscored that "there are also regulatory texts and therapeutic guidelines for the proper use of medicines, but specifically regarding the proper use of antimicrobials, there is no corresponding orientation guide or strategic plan. The absence of such guidelines does not allow coordination structures to promote the rational use of antimicrobials, which could justify inappropriate and inadequate use of antimicrobials in hospitals, health centers and in community settings". ²⁸

1.1.2b National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (animals)

Score: 50

Burkina Faso has national legislation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for animals. However, there is evidence of gaps in enforcement.

Pursuant to Article 242 of the Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Code (Law No. 048-2017/AN of 16 November 2017), those who sell antibiotics for animal use without veterinary prescription can face financial penalties and be sentenced to jail. ²⁹

Likewise, Article 41 of Decree No. 2018-0729/PRES/PM/MRAH/MS/MATD/MSECU/MCIA, regulating veterinary pharmacy in Burkina Faso, states that veterinary pharmaceutical establishments are not authorized to dispense veterinary medications to the public, except upon prescription from a veterinarian, whereas Article 59 states that retail dispensing of medication is subject to the presentation of a prescription from a veterinarian. ³⁰

However, there is evidence of gaps in enforcement. According to a 2023 study titled "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance among Poultry Farmers in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso", self-medication is practiced by 74.60% of poultry farmers and growth promoters are used in 93.65% of pultry farms, and the lack of a national livestock database makes it difficult to track animals, vaccination, disease management, and document treatment at the animal level. ³¹

In addition, prescription, storage, and procurement of antimicrobials is often done by one person who distributes them to farmers who do not have the basic knowledge on antimicrobials and their use, with widespread self-medication practices by farmers, who use drugs such as tetracyclines, an antimicrobial used to treat respiratory infections for livestock, without performing a proper verification of the quality and frequency of use of these antimicrobials. ³² In 2021, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) started the implementation of the USAID Medicines, Technologies, and Pharmaceutical Services (MTaPS) program is supporting Burkina Faso to promote the rational use of antimicrobials in the livestock sector. ³³

1.2 Zoonotic disease

1.2.1 National planning for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.1a Laws/plans on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has national legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy documents for zoonotic diseases prioritization, detection and reporting.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has made significant progress in the are of training stakeholders on teh use of the revised 2021 Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (ISDR) guide (p. viii). ³⁴ It further adds that the country has a list of priority zoonotic diseases, which are five: rabies, brucellosis, highly pathogenic Avian influenza, anthrax and dengue fever (p. 23). ³⁵ However, the Network for Epidemiological Surveillance of Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (RESUREP) is yet to be functional and dynamics (p. 24). ³⁶ In addition, even though there is a Strategic Integrated Plan to Combat Priority Diseases, it has not been adopted and enacted yet (p. 24). ³⁷

In 2024, the Directorate General of Veterinary Services (DGSV), with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), organized a series of capacity building workshops for stakeholders in RESUREP, aimed at harmonizing the interventions of the network's stakeholders on surveillance, prevention and response to animal diseases and zoonoses. ³⁸ However, there is no evidence it was part of a broader national legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy. ³⁹

In October 2021, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene enacted the Plan to Combat Infections and Waste Management (PLIGD), which includes a focus on improving the coordinated surveillance system between the animal and human health sectors for zoonotic diseases and pathogens identified as shared priorities (p. 19). ⁴⁰ However, there are no specific measures related to detection, reporting, or which diseases are deemed priority. ⁴¹

Moreover, the Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Code (Law No. 048-2017/AN of 16 November 2017) states that Burkina Faso has a list of priority diseases established by regulations (Article 136). ⁴² There are zoonotic diseases with mandatory notification, in which the state shall implement a disease-specific emergency intervention plan. ⁴³

There is no evidence of such legislation, plan, or equivalent strategy document on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ ⁴⁷

1.2.1b Laws/plans on zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has national legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy documents which includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans.

Pursuant to Article 150 of the Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Code (Law No. 048-2017/AN of 16 November 2017), whenever the competent authority declares an infection, it demarcates a prohibited area and protection zone, as well as a surveillance zone extending beyond the perimeter of the protection zone. ⁴⁸ As per Article 154, other measures include isolation and sequestration, inspection, invenstory of live and dead animals, inventory of farms holding susceptible species, limitation of entry and exit of individuals, as well as up-to-date inventory of all stocks of milk, dairy products, meat products, hiders and skins, wool, hair, silk, semen, embryos, eggs, slurry, manure, animal waste, animal feed, and bedding located on the infection zone. ⁴⁹ However, it does not constitute a comprehensive plan for risk identification and reudction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans. ⁵⁰

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has made significant progress in the are of training stakeholders on teh use of the revised 2021 Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (ISDR) guide (p. viii). ⁵¹ It further adds that the country has a list of priority zoonotic diseases, which are five: rabies, brucellosis, highly pathogenic Avian influenza, anthrax and dengue fever (p. 23). ⁵² However, the Network for Epidemiological Surveillance of Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (RESUREP) is yet to be functional and dynamics (p. 24). ⁵³ In addition, even though there is a Strategic Integrated Plan to Combat Priority Diseases, it has not been adopted and enacted yet (p. 24). ⁵⁴ There is no reference to spillover events from animals to humans. ⁵⁵

1.2.1c Laws/plans for surveillance & control of multiple zoonotic pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has national legislation, plans, or guidelines that account for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens of public health concern.

The Sectoral Health Policy 2018-2027 (PSS) (2017) states that "while developing pharmaceutical research, emphasis should be placed on promoting the rational use of medicines, pharmacovigilance, and monitoring resistance to drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antiparasitics (p. 48). ⁶⁰ However, it neither accounts for multiple pathogens of public health concern, nor presents specific measures for their surveillance or control. ⁶¹

The National Health Community Strategy 2024-2028 (2024) does not present priority diseases, or surveillance and control measures of multiple zoonotic pathogens of public health concern. ⁶² The National Health Development Plan 2021-2030 (PNDS) (2021) does not present such measures either. ⁶³

The National Multi-Risk Prepration and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) acknowledges the risk of zoonotic diseases, including Avian influenza, malaria, plague, pasteurellosis, New Castle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, and others. ⁶⁴ In addition, the Pest and Hazardous Waste Management Plan (PGPDD) (2021) includes a goal to reinforce epidemiological surveillance of priority diseases, but there is evidence it constitutes a comprehensive surveillance and control plan for multiple zoonotic diseases. ⁶⁵

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), even though there is a Strategic Integrated Plan to Combat Priority Diseases, it has not been adopted and enacted yet (p. 24). ⁶⁶ Nevertheless, there is a national "One Health" platform for coordination, and a system for monitoring diseases in humans and animals (p. 23). ⁶⁷

There is no evidence of such legislation, plan, or equivalent strategy document on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ ⁷²

1.2.1d Cross-ministerial department/agency/unit for zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a department, agency, or similar unit functioning as a multi-sectoral co-ordinating mechanism dedicated to zoonotic disease that functions across ministries.

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention any department, agency, or similar unit functioning as a multi-sectoral co-ordinating mechanism dedicated to zoonotic disease that functions across ministries. ⁷³ It mentions the existence of the Network for Epidemiological Surveillance of Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (RESUREP), but states that it is yet to be functional (p. 24). ⁷⁴

RESUREP, created through Decree No. 99-003/MRA/SG/DSV of 20 January 1999, is comprised at the central level of a steering committee, a technical coordination unit, and field structures, with representatives from several department and Ministries (p. 9). ⁷⁵ However, Decree No. 99-003 is not publicly available, and it is unclear which authorities are part of RESUREP. ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷

There is no evidence of such body on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁷⁸ ⁷⁹ ⁸⁰ ⁸¹ ⁸²

1.2.1e Presence of One Health strategic plan

Score: 0

There is no evidence of Burkina Faso having a One Health Strategic Plan in place, although the country is making progress in establishing national One Health community platforms and in strengthening enabling environments. ⁸³⁸⁴

1.2.2 Surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.2a Surveillance/reporting mechanism for zoonotic disease for livestock owners

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a national mechanism for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

Pursuant to Articles 136 and 138 of the Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Code (Law No. 048-2017/AN of 16 November 2017), Burkina Faso maintains a list of notifiable animal diseases, in which any case of an animal that has been infected, contaminated or suspected of being infected with, or has died from, as well any slaughtered animal found to be infected or suspected of being infected, must be reported to the competent veterinary authority. ⁸⁵ In accordance with Article 142, even before the competent veterinary authority has responded to the report of a diseases, the owner of the suspected or infected animal must immediately isolate it. ⁸⁶

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), there is a standardized case definition for diseases with epidemic potential, diseases under surveillance, and notification forms configured on the "One Health" surveillance platforms (p. 40). ⁸⁷ In the event of the emergence of a notifiable disease, veterinary station heads immediately notify the disease by entering the information on the KOBO ToolBox platform, which is forwarded to the district and entered on the STELab platform (p. 40). ⁸⁸

1.2.2b Laws/regulations on data confidentiality to protect livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has legislation or regulations that safeguards the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals (for owners).

Pursuant to Article 12 of the General Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 001-2021/AN of 30 March 2021), it is prohibited to collect or process without the express consent of the data subject, personal data revealing health, genetic and biometric data, or administrative sanctions. ⁸⁹ In addition, Article 37 states that personal data that allows the direct or indirect identification of data subjects, must be anonymized as much as possible before transmission, but this obligation can be waived when data processing is associated with pharmacovigilance studies conducted with the consent of the data subjects, or with research protocols carried out as part of national or international cooperative studies. ⁹⁰ However, there is no evidence that such provisions are related to information generated through surveillance activities for animal and its owners. ⁹¹

There is no evidence of such legislation or regulations on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁹² ⁹³ ⁹⁴ ⁹⁵ ⁹⁶

1.2.2c Wildlife zoonotic disease surveillance

Score: 100

Burkina Faso conducts surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife, poultry and livestock.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the "One Health" electronic platform in the country is composed of three sectoral databases, namely health, livestock, and the environment, that interoperate with a fourth database for sharing data on priority zoonoses (namely dengue, rabies, brucellosis, anthrax, and Avian influenza (p. 40). ⁹⁷

A 2022 article titled "Towards an integrated surveillance of zoonotic diseases in Burkina Faso: the case of anthrax" states that the surveillance system of anthrax in Burkina Fase includes three programmes, namely in livestock, wildlife, and human sectors, which involves 30 actors. ⁹⁸ These sectoral programmes operate almost independently from one another, although some collaborations are existing for the governance and implementation of surveillance activities. ⁹⁹ ¹⁰⁰

In 2023, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reported that Burkina Faso was investing in personnel and systems to better detect and respond to health threats, including training 46 forestry environmental agents in safe wildlife capture and biological sample collection. ¹⁰¹

1.2.3 International reporting of animal disease outbreaks

1.2.3a Annual reporting to OIE on zoonotic disease incidence

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).

There are WOAH animal health focal points in Burkina Faso. ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ Between 2022 and 2025, Burkina Faso reported eight disease outbreaks for WOAH, including Avian influenza (H5N1) (2022 and 2024 ), rabies (2024), Myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana (2025), Newcastle disease (2025), Peste des petits ruminants (2025), foot-and-mouth disease (2025), and Gyrodactylus salaris (2025). ¹⁰⁴

1.2.4 Animal health workforce

1.2.4a Number of veterinarians per 100,000 people

Score: 1.17

1.2.4b Number of veterinary para-professionals per 100,000 people

Score: 18

1.2.5 Private sector and zoonotic disease

1.2.5a Inclusion of private sector in national plan/law on zoonotic disease

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has regulations that include mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses.

In accordance with Article 2 of Ministerial Order No. 2021/MS/MINEFID/MESRSI/MAAHM/MRAH/MEEVCC of 2021, which regulates the One Health National Multisectoral Coordination Commission for the National Laboratory System and Biosafety and Biosecurity, the commission is the consultative body responsible for the technical aspects of the International Health Regulations (IHR). ¹⁰⁵ Its mandate includes (i) coordinating the laboratory system across human health, animal health, agriculture, and the environment, (ii) strengthening laboratory capacity for the detection of pathogens of priority diseases, and (iii) contributing to the implementation of epidemiological surveillance plans and public health actions. ¹⁰⁶ Two representatives from private laboratories, both in animal and human health, are part of the commission, as per Article 4. ¹⁰⁷

Likewise, pursuant to 11 of Ministerial Order No. 2020-2010/MS/MINEFID/MESRSI/MAAH/MRAH/MEEVCC, which covers the responsibilities, organization, composition, and operation of the Technical Steering Committee, the Thematic Commissions, the Technical Secretariat and the One Health focal points, the thematic commissions are comprised of representatives from public and private technical structures, local government services, civil society organizations, and development partners related to the same technical areas of the IHR. ¹⁰⁸

1.3 Biosecurity

1.3.1 Whole-of-government biosecurity systems

1.3.1a Updated national records of especially dangerous pathogen/toxin inventories

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a record in place, updated within the past five years, of the facilities which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, including details on inventories and inventory management systems of those facilities.

According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has started to identify and maintain a pathogen registry and inventory within facilities that store or handle dangerous pathogens and toxins, and of assets possessed (p. 29). ¹⁰⁹ Moreover, it has implemented an electronic pathogen registry using the CsPRO application (p. 28). ¹¹⁰

In addition, in 2020, the Central Reference Laboratory (LCR) started the implementation of a national pathogen inventory system (p. 21). ¹¹¹

However, there is no evidence that such assessment has been concluded on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹¹² ¹¹³ ¹¹⁴ ¹¹⁵ ¹¹⁶

1.3.1b Biosecurity laws on facility security for especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has in place legislation or regulations related to biosecurity that address requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, or cybersecurity of facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has mapped its biosafety and biosecurity laws and regulations with all relevant sectors (p. 28). ¹¹⁷ In addition, it states that the country is developing a comprehensive national biosafety and security regulatory framework to regulate the possession and use of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins; however, it is yet to be finalized and implemented (p. 29). ¹¹⁸

As per the Biological Weapons Convention National Measures Database, Burkina Faso has specific legal framework governing the licensing, registration and inspection of individuals and facilities working with certain biological agents and toxins, in which, in the context of Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies), penalties for the violation of these measures include the suspension and revocation of authorizations, fines between CFA 100,000,000 (approximately USD 178,000) and CFA 5,000,000,000 (approximately USD 8,875,000) and 3 to 15 years of imprisonment. ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰

Pursuant Article 6 and 8 of Law No. 005-2006, any use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or derived products is subject to prior authorization, and its use for teaching, research, or industrial production purposes must be subject to prior containment, which may involve physical, chemical, and/or biological barriers in laboratories and any other appropriately equipped facility. ¹²¹ The contanment measures are defined by regulation based on the classification of genetically modified organisms, and they must be periodically reviewed (Article 9). ¹²² If the GMOs or derived products present proven risks to human or animal health, as well as to biological diversity and the environment, it must be destroyed under conditions set by regulation (Article 11). ¹²³

Especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are categorised as level 3, as per Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS of June 2004 (p. 23). ¹²⁴ However, specific requirements of physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, or cybersecurity of facilities handling those pathogens or toxins is not detailed. ¹²⁵ It states that "containment levels for this category are far more stringent and can vary considerably depending on the nature of the results obtained from the experiment and risk assessment (…) the containment level for Category 1 risks may be appropriate for certain types of work, while other situations may require higher levels of containment and experienced personnel (p. 23). ¹²⁶

There is no evidence of such specific requirements on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹²⁷ ¹²⁸ ¹²⁹ ¹³⁰ ¹³¹

1.3.1c Agency for enforcement of biosecurity laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an established agency (or agencies) responsible for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations.

As per the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, the National Contact Point for the implementation of the BWC, but many other relevant governmental departments are involved in the implementation of the Convention, including the National Biosecurity Agency (ANB), the National Biosafety Observatory, and the Internal Biosafety Scientific Committees. ¹³²

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has established a Technical Working Group (TWG) for biosafety and biosecurity regulations (p. 29). ¹³³ However, there is no specific reference as to whether the TWG is responsible for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations. ¹³⁴

As per Article 54 of Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies), ANB is the agency responsible for biosecurity. ¹³⁵ However, the ANB, as established by Decree No. 2015-834/PRES-TRANS/PM/MEF/MRSI, is primarily focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in which it is responsible for ensuring the safe development and use, including transboundary movements, of any GMOs, with the exception of transboundary movements of GMOs that are pharmaceutical products intended for humans and which are covered by international agreements (Article 3). ¹³⁶

There is no evidence of such agency on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹³⁷ ¹³⁸ ¹³⁹ ¹⁴⁰ ¹⁴¹

1.3.1d Consolidation of especially dangerous pathogens into minimum # of facilities

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has started to identify and maintain a pathogen registry and inventory within facilities that store or handle dangerous pathogens and toxins, and of the assets possessed (p. 28). ¹⁴² However, it identifies that pathogens should be pooled in the national bank (p. 29). ¹⁴³

There is no evidence of such efforts on the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹⁴⁴ ¹⁴⁵ ¹⁴⁶ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ ¹⁴⁹

1.3.1e Capacity to conduct tests for anthrax/Ebola without culturing live pathogens

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has in-country capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic testing for Ebola, which would preclude culturing a live pathogen. There is no evidence it can conduct PCR-based diagnostic testing for anthrax.

The National Reference Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (LNR-FHV) can conduct PCR-based diagnostic testing for Ebola. ¹⁵⁰ ¹⁵¹ However, there is no reference to in-country capacity to conduct PCR-based diagnostic testing for anthrax. ¹⁵² ¹⁵³ ¹⁵⁴ ¹⁵⁵

1.3.2 Biosecurity training and practices

1.3.2a Biosecurity training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso requires biosecurity training, using a standardized, required approach, such as through a common curriculum or a train-the-trainer program, for personnel working in facilities housing or working with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential. However, there is evidence of ad hoc training.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has assessed training needs and identified gaps in biosafety and biosecurity training, but has not yet implemented comprehensive training aligned with defined roles and responsibilities, and, generally, laboratory personnel are insufficiently aware of international best practices in biosafety and biosecurity to work safely and responsibly (p. 29). ¹⁵⁶ It recommends the country to develop a national training plan on biosecurity and biosafety, and underscores that stakeholders must be trained in both instances (p. 30). ¹⁵⁷

In accordance with Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS of June 2004, the transport of transgenic plants must be supervised by a qualified person with extensive experience in handling transgenic species and implementing contingency control programs. ¹⁵⁸ However, there is no specific requirement for standardized training or details on the curriculum. ¹⁵⁹

In 2018, 15 laboratory staff members of the Muraz Center received a 5-day training on biosafety and biosecurity as part of the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and financed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta. ¹⁶⁰ ¹⁶¹

In 2022, the Muraz Center provided training in biosecurity and biosafety for hygienists and wards from different health structures in the Hauts Bassins Region. ¹⁶²

1.3.3 Personnel vetting: regulating access to sensitive locations

1.3.3a Personnel checks for permission to access to especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that regulations or licensing conditions in Burkina Faso specify that security and other personnel with access to especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential are subject to drug testing, background checks, and psychological or mental fitness checks.

There is no evidence of regulations or licensing conditions on the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹⁶³ ¹⁶⁴ ¹⁶⁵ ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ ¹⁶⁸The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such requirements either. ¹⁶⁹

Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies) does not present such requirements. ¹⁷⁰

1.3.4 Transportation security

1.3.4a National transport regulations for Category A and B infectious substances

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has publicly available information on the safe and secure transport of infectious substances (specifically including Categories A and B).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has a sample transfer and transport system, the Integrated Biological Sample Transport System (SITEB), for the diagnostis or confirmation of most priority diseases at the intermediate and national levels, but animal health is not fully integrated into this system (pp. 35-36). ¹⁷¹ In addition, Burkina Faso participates in the network of regional (international) laboratories for yelllow fever, meningites, and influenza (p. 36), and laboratory staff receives IATA certification for the transport of infectious substances by the WHO (p. 36). ¹⁷² However, there is no specific reference as to whether it includes Categories A and B. ¹⁷³

On 20 June 2023, Burkina Faso published Decision No. 2023-0031 of the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), which regulates air transportation of dangerous items. ¹⁷⁴ Pursuant to Section 4.2.3, the transportation of infected and venomous animals is subject to the animal being enclosed in a metal crate with specific size and warnings (p. 22). ¹⁷⁵ However, there is no reference to the transportation of infectious substances. ¹⁷⁶

1.3.5 Cross-border transfer and end-user screening

1.3.5a Laws/regulations on cross-border transfer and end-user screening

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has legislation or regulations in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention legislation or regulations in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential. ¹⁷⁷

There is no evidence of such efforts on the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Mobility, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹⁷⁸ ¹⁷⁹ ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹ ¹⁸² ¹⁸³ ¹⁸⁴

1.4 Biosafety

1.4.1 Whole-of-government biosafety systems

1.4.1a Biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has in place legislation or regulations related to biosafety.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has mapped its biosafety and biosecurity laws and regulations with all relevant sectors (p. 28). ¹⁸⁵ In addition, it states that the country is developing a comprehensive national biosafety and security regulatory framewotk to regulate the possession and use of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins; however, it is yet to be finalized and implemented (p. 29). ¹⁸⁶

Pursuant Article 6 and 8 of Law No. 005-2006, any use of GMOs or derived products is subject to prior authorization, and its use for teaching, research, or industrial production purposes must be subject to prior containment, which may involve physical, chemical, and/or biological barriers in laboratories and any other appropriately equipped facility. ¹⁹¹ The contanment measures are defined by regulation based on the classification of genetically modified organisms, and they must be periodically reviewed (Article 9). ¹⁹² If the GMOs or derived products present proven risks to human or animal health, as well as to biological diversity and the environment, it must be destroyed under conditions set by regulation (Article 11). ¹⁹³

Especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are categorised as level 3, as per Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS of June 2004 (p. 23). ¹⁹⁴ However, specific requirements related to biosafety are not disclosed. ¹⁹⁵

There is no evidence of such legislation on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ¹⁹⁶ ¹⁹⁷ ¹⁹⁸ ¹⁹⁹ ²⁰⁰

1.4.1b Agency for enforcement of biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an established agency (or agencies) responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has established a Technical Working Group (TWG) for biosafety and biosecurity regulations (p. 29). ²⁰² However, there is no specific reference as to whether the TWG is responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations. ²⁰³

As per Article 54 of Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies), ANB is the agency responsible for biosecurity. ²⁰⁴ However, the ANB, as established by Decree No. 2015-834/PRES-TRANS/PM/MEF/MRSI, is primarily focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in which it is responsible for ensuring the safe development and use, including transboundary movements, of any GMOs, with the exception of transboundary movements of GMOs that are pharmaceutical products intended for humans and which are covered by international agreements (Article 3). ²⁰⁵ There is no reference as to whether the ANB is responsible for enforcing biosafety legislation and regulations. ²⁰⁶

1.4.2 Biosafety training and practices

1.4.2a Biosafety training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso requires biosafety training, using a standardized, required approach, such as through a common curriculum or a train-the-trainer program, for personnel working in facilities housing or working with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential. However, there is evidence of ad hoc training.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has assessed training needs and identified gaps in biosafety and biosecurity training, but has not yet implemented comprehensive training aligned with defined roles and responsibilities, and, generally, laboratory personnel are insufficiently aware of international best practices in biosafety and biosecurity to work safely and responsibly (p. 29). ²¹² It recommends the country to develop a national training plan on biosecurity and biosafety, and underscores that stakeholders must be trained in both instances (p. 30). ²¹³

In accordance with Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS of June 2004, the transport of transgenic plants must be supervised by a qualified person with extensive experience in handling transgenic species and implementing contingency control programs. ²¹⁴ However, there is no specific requirement for standardized training or details on the curriculum. ²¹⁵

In 2022, the Muraz Center provided training in biosecurity and biosafety for hygienists and wards from different health structures in the Hauts Bassins Region. ²¹⁸

1.5 Dual-use research and culture of responsible science

1.5.1 Oversight of dual-use research

1.5.1a Evidence of national assessment of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential, and other dual-use research.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such assessment. ²¹⁹

There is no evidence of such assessment on the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²²⁰ ²²¹ ²²² ²²³ ²²⁴ ²²⁵ ²²⁶

The Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Consortium (GET) stated that "Burkina Faso (…) reported the availability of policies and regulatory frameworks that govern dual-use research; this shows inconsistency with available policy documents and literature from these countries". ²²⁷

1.5.1b National law/regulation on oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has legislation or regulations requiring oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or other dual-use research.

According to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Measures Database, the National Biosafety Scientific Committee is responsible for risk assessment of dual-use research activities involving genetically-modified organisms (GMOs), which require approval by the National Biosecurity Agency (ANB). ²²⁸

As per Article 15 of Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies), risk assessment, in any activity related to GMOs, must take into account the precautionary principle and be conducted as appropriate to ensure human, animal, and plant safety, as well as the protection of biological diversity and the environment, in which the assessment shall be carried out under the supervision of ANB and must take into account the opinions of relevant bodies as well as guidelines developed by appropriate international organizations. ²²⁹ However, it is focused on GMOs, and there is no reference to pathogens or toxins. ²³⁰

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such requirement. ²³¹ There is no evidence of such legislation or regulations on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²³² ²³³ ²³⁴ ²³⁵ ²³⁶ ²³⁷

1.5.1c Existence of agency responsible for oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an agency responsible for the oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or other dual-use research.

As per Article 15 of Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies), risk assessment, in any activity related to GMOs, must take into account the precautionary principle and be conducted as appropriate to ensure human, animal, and plant safety, as well as the protection of biological diversity and the environment, in which the assessment shall be carried out under the supervision of ANB and must take into account the opinions of relevant bodies as well as guidelines developed by appropriate international organizations. ²⁴⁰ However, it is focused on GMOs, and there is no reference to pathogens or toxins. ²⁴¹

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such agency. ²⁴² There is no evidence of such agency on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²⁴³ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁵ ²⁴⁶ ²⁴⁷ ²⁴⁸

1.5.2 Screening requirements for providers of genetic material

1.5.2a Requirement to screen synthesised DNA against list prior to sale

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has legislation or regulations that require the screening of synthesized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins before it is sold.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such assessment. ²⁵⁰

There is no evidence of such requirement on Law No. 005-2006 of 4 May 2006 (on the Security Framework Governing Biotechnologies). ²⁵⁹

1.6 Immunization

1.6.1 Vaccination rates

1.6.1a Immunization rate for humans (measles/MCV2)

Score: 50

1.6.1b Availability of vaccination figures for livestock (FMD) through OIE database

Score: 0

There are not official foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination figures for livestock in Burkina Faso publicly available through the OIE database.

In 2025, Burkina Faso reported data on border precautions, movement control, general surveillance, and disease notification measures relating to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in buffaloes, camelidae, cattle, goats, sheep, sheep and goats (mixed herd), and swine. ²⁶⁰ However, there is no evidence that it included vaccination figures. ²⁶¹

1.6.1c Equitablenature of national immunization strategy/plan

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national immunization plan.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has implemented the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) since 1980 (p. 31). ²⁶² The programme is coordinated at the national level by the Directorate for Prevention through Vaccination (DPV) through consultation frameworks that exist at all levels of the health system, in which the Inter-Agency Coordination Committee (CCIA) and the EPI Technical Support Committee (CTA-PEV) are the main decision-making bodies (p. 31). ²⁶³

The country has developed a draft National Immunization Strategy (SNV) for 2022-2026, which has been validated by technical staff and is being signed by the competent authority (p. 31). ²⁶⁴ However, the SNV is yet to be signed and disseminated (p. 32). ²⁶⁵ Despite significant progress, Burkina Faso still faces challenges related to reaching disadvantaged populations with vaccination (p. 31). ²⁶⁶

In 2024, the Government of Burkina Faso, through the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, planned to implement a national measles and rubeola vaccination campaign to strengthen the immunity of children (p. 13). ²⁶⁷ The document states that the vaccination campaign was part of the SNV 2022-2026 (p. 13), but there is no evidence on the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene's website that this strategy has been published. ²⁶⁸

There is no evidence of such strategy on the official websites of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰

1.6.1d Vaccine hesitancy and build public trust coverage in vaccines in national immunization strategy/plans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national immunization plan. There is no evidence that it has a plan or strategy that include measures to address vaccine hesitancy and build public trust in vaccines.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has implemented the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) since 1980 (p. 31). ²⁷¹ The programme is coordinated at the national level by the Directorate for Prevention through Vaccination (DPV) through consultation frameworks that exist at all levels of the health system, in which the Inter-Agency Coordination Committee (CCIA) and the EPI Technical Support Committee (CTA-PEV) are the main decision-making bodies (p. 31). ²⁷²

The country has developed a draft National Immunization Strategy (SNV) for 2022-2026, which has been validated by technical staff and is being signed by the competent authority (p. 31). ²⁷³ However, the SNV is yet to be signed and disseminated (p. 32). ²⁷⁴ Despite significant progress, Burkina Faso still faces challenges related to reaching disadvantaged populations with vaccination (p. 31). ²⁷⁵ Nevertheless, the distribution of vaccines reach from 40% to 59% of the districts of the country (p. 32). ²⁷⁶

In 2024, the Government of Burkina Faso, through the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, planned to implement a national measles and rubeola vaccination campaign to strengthen the immunity of children (p. 13). ²⁷⁷ The document states that the vaccination campaign was part of the SNV 2022-2026 (p. 13), but there is no evidence on the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene's website that this strategy has been published. ²⁷⁸

Nevertheless, Burkina Faso reported to have a Technical Consultative Vaccination Group (GCTV Burkina Faso) that provides advisory services related to immunization. ²⁷⁹

There is no evidence of such strategy on the official websites of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²⁸⁰ ²⁸¹

1.6.1e National advisory group for immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a national advisory group that provides technical guidance and advice on the immunization strategy to the government (NITAG).

In June 2014, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene created the Technical Consultative Vaccination Group (GCTV Burkina Faso) through Decision No. 2014-600 of 30 June 2014. ²⁸² The GCTV Burkina Faso has the goal to provide health authorities with scientific and technical support in the selection and implementation of national vaccination policies and strategies (Article 2). ²⁸³

Pursuant to Articles 4, 5 and 6, the GCTV Burkina Faso is comprised of nine ex-officio members, who are full members appointed by the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, comprised of national experts in the field of pediatrics, epidemiology, infectious diseases, public health, bacteriology-virology, toxicology, health economics, socioanthropology, obstetrics-gynecology, immunology, pharmacy, vaccinology, internal medicine, communications, and veterinary medicine. ²⁸⁴ The Directorate of Prevention through Vaccination (DPV) is the Secretariat. ²⁸⁵

The GCTV Burkina Faso is listed as a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) on the Global NITAG Network. ²⁸⁶

Moreover, the country self reported to have a NITAG. ²⁸⁷

1.6.1f Presence of an immunization programme for influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an immunization programme for influenza.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has implemented the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) since 1980 (p. 31). ²⁸⁸ The country has developed a draft National Immunization Strategy (SNV) for 2022-2026, which has been validated by technical staff and is being signed by the competent authority (p. 31). ²⁸⁹ However, the SNV is yet to be signed and disseminated (p. 32). ²⁹⁰ There is no reference to influenza. ²⁹¹

In 2024, the Government of Burkina Faso, through the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, planned to implement a national measles and rubeola vaccination campaign to strengthen the immunity of children (p. 13). ²⁹² The document states that the vaccination campaign was part of the SNV 2022-2026 (p. 13), but there is no evidence on the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene's website that this strategy has been published. ²⁹³

There is no evidence of such strategy on the official websites of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ²⁹⁴ ²⁹⁵ There is evidence of a broader influenza immunization strategy either. ²⁹⁶ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁸

Nevertheless, since 2006, Burkina Faso has introduced the Pentavalent vaccine, which covers Haemophilus influenza infections. ²⁹⁹

1.7 Climate change adaptation and vector transmission

1.7.1 Health system resilience

1.7.1a Strategy/plan for resilience of health system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a strategy or plan to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges that climate change and changing seasonal patters pose, which includes the threat of infectious diseases.

The Regional Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2024-2028 (2023) of Burkina Faso includes an axis to reinforce human resources and social protection. ³⁰⁰ It has specific actions to improve the health of the population through strengthening the capacity of health personnel to address climate-sensitive human and animal diseases (p. 29). ³⁰¹ However, it does not include provisions to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges that climate change and changing seasonal patterns pose. ³⁰²

In August 2019, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene enacted the Resilience Health System Strategy in the Precarious Security Zone in Burkina Faso, has the goal of strengthening the resilience of the health systems in fragile regions. ³⁰³ However, there are no provisions related to developing a climate-resilient health system. ³⁰⁴

There are no such provisions on the Sectoral Health Policy 2018-2027 (PSS) (2017), the National Health Community Strategy 2024-2028 (2024), or the National Health Development Plan 2021-2030 (PNDS) (2021). ³⁰⁵ ³⁰⁶ ³⁰⁷

There is no evidence of such strategy or plan on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ³⁰⁸ ³⁰⁹ ³¹⁰

Early Detection

2.1 Laboratory systems strength and quality

2.1.1 Lab capacity for detecting priority diseases

2.1.1a Capacity of national lab system to conduct 5 or more WHO core tests

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has the capacity to conduct diagnostic tests for at least 5 of the 10 WHO-defined core tests, and these tests are named. The country can conduct RT-PCR, Microscopy, GeneXpert, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), and ELISA.

The National Reference Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (LNR-FHV) can conduct PCR-based diagnostic testing for Ebola. ³¹¹ ³¹² In addition, the country can conduct Microscopy, GeneXpert, RDT, and ELISA (pp. 14-17). ³¹³

2.1.1b Plan to conduct testing during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national plan, strategy or similar document for conducting testing during a public health emergency, which includes considerations for testing for novel pathogens, scaling capacity, and defining goals for testing.

2.1.2 Laboratory quality systems

2.1.2a Existence of an accredited national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national laboratory that serves as a reference facility which is accredited.

According to information on the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Knowledge Hub platform, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) is not accredited. ³²² Nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the medical biology laboratories at the national level in Burkina Faso are committed to the quality approach in accordance with the ISO 15189 standards (p. 37). ³²³ There is no evidence that the LNSP has been accredited on its website or Facebook page. ³²⁴ ³²⁵

2.1.2b External quality assurance of a national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a national laboratory that serves as a reference facility which is subject to external quality assurance review.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the medical biology laboratories at the national level in Burkina Faso are committed to the quality approach in accordance with the ISO 15189 standards (p. 37). ³²⁶ The National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) has been committed to quality management for years, working towards accreditation under ISO 17025, ISO 15189, and ISO 9001 certification. ³²⁷

In addition, Burkina Faso implements a National External Quality Assessment (NEQA) program, which has been mandatory for all laboratories in the country since 2006. ³²⁸ The program runs two cycles per year and covers all areas of laboratories. ³²⁹

As a founding member of the West African Network of Biomedical Analysis Laboratoires (RESAOLAB), Burkina Faso takes part in the annual training, laboratory supervision, quality assurance and external quality assessment initiatives. ³³⁰ The Mérieux Foundation and various partners, including the French Development Agency, have funded several initiatives, such as the Continuing Training Center and the External Quality Assessment Unit in Ouagadougou. ³³¹ Burkina Faso hosts a number of training sessions on quality control, laboratory management, and other topics, and more than 100 Burkinake clinical laboratories are under supervision and are being gradually integrated into the external quality assessment program. ³³²

2.2 Laboratory supply chains

2.2.1 Specimen referral and transport system

2.2.1a Nationwide specimen transport system

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a nationwide specimen transport system.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the Burkina Faso Post Office is formally involved in the secure transport of biological samples, and the country has operating procedures for the national deployment of the System for Tracking of Epidemiological Data and Laboratory Specimens (STELab 2.0) platforms and the Integrated Biological Sample Transport System (SITEB) (p. 35). ³³³ It further adds that, in human health, there is a sample transfer and transport system for the diagnosis or confirmation of most priority diseases at the intermediate and national levels, but animal health is not fully integrated into this established system (p. 36). ³³⁴

Moreover, there is a SITEB guide and a dedicated technical working group, with training of human and animal health laboratory staff on SITEB, and International Air Transport Association (IATA) certification of laboratory staff for the transport of infectious substances by the WHO (p. 36). ³³⁵ The country also develops monthly feedback reports on transported samples and evaluation of SITEB performance indicators, and the STELab electronic platform enables for monitoring sample transport in real time (p. 36). ³³⁶ Nevertheless, the document recommends to increase considerations regarding the animal and environmental health sectors, as well as the peripheral level of human health, in regards to the implementation of the SITEB and STELab (p. 36). ³³⁷

In addition, the country has three STELab and SITEB support offices, and discussion groups in telephone and WhatsApp. ³³⁸ STELab platform includes 24 diseases including zoonotic and vaccine preventable diseases. ³³⁹

2.2.2 Laboratory cooperation and coordination

2.2.2a Plan to rapidly authorize/license laboratories to scale-up testing during an outbreak

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak.

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) considers health-related problems during emergencies, such as pandemics and epidemics, and malaria and dengue outbreaks (pp. 33-35). ³⁴⁵ It presents the goal of the health sector to reduce the risks of the emergence and spread of vector-borne diseases in affected areas, including deployment of mobile health teams, provide affected individuals with medicines, vaccines, and health supplies, set up advanced posts at reception sites, and others (p. 72). ³⁴⁶ However, there is no reference of measures to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. ³⁴⁷

2.3 Real-time surveillance and reporting

2.3.1 Indicator and event-based surveillance and reporting systems

2.3.1a Evidence of ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis

Score: 50

Burkina Faso is conducting both event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis for notifiable and novel infectious diseases. However, there is no evidence that it is being analyzed on a daily basis

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country conducts integrated disease surveillance and response, including indicator-based (IBS) and event-based (EBS) surveillance (p. 40). ³⁵¹ The flow of information from EBS follows the same information circuit as the IBS (p. 40). ³⁵² However, the implementation of EBS in different sectors must be strengthened and it must be scaled up (pp. 41). ³⁵³ However, there is no reference as to whether the data is being analysed on a daily basis. ³⁵⁴

In addition, the 2024 Public Health Bulletin from Burkina Faso’s Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene describes a surveillance system that includes both indicator-based and event-based surveillance. Cases and unusual public health events are notified via the weekly national epidemiological telegram (TLOH), covering all 70 health districts. While this demonstrates ongoing event-based surveillance, there is no evidence that data are analyzed on a daily basis. ³⁵⁵

There is no further information on whether the data is being analyzed on a daily basis on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ³⁵⁶ ³⁵⁷ ³⁵⁸ ³⁵⁹

2.3.1b Evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Health Organization (WHO) within the set timeline.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the highest authorities of the Republic of Burkina Faso adopted and signed in the Council of Ministers the decree establishing the creation, responsibilities, organization, and operation of the national focal point for the International Health Regulations (IHR) (p. 16). ³⁶⁰ The country ensures coordination in a concerted manner through the RSI National Focal Point Center/Office, the National One Health Coordination Platform, the National Epidemic Management Committee, and its branches for the management of epidemics and other public health events of international concern, while the Crisis Committee is placed under the authority of the Minister in charge of Civil Protection (p. 16). ³⁶¹

2.3.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting systems

2.3.2a Electronic national and sub-national reporting surveillance system

Score: 100

Burkina Faso operates an electronic reporting surveillance system at both the national and the sub-national level.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), there is a human and animal disease surveillance system, and a multisectoral "One Health" electronic platform in place and operational in some regions of the country (p. 23), which comprises the three sectoral databases (human, animal, and environmental) that interact with a fourth database that allows data on priority zoonotic diseases, such as dengue fever, rabies, brucellosis, anthrax, and Avian influenza (p. 40). ³⁶² In addition, there is an electronic platform to share diagnostics data between animal, human, and environmental health domains of the "One Health" platform (p. 36). ³⁶³

The "One Health" platform was developed on the District Health Information System version 2 (DHIS2) software and encompasses disease surveillance, considering human, animal, and environmental health information systems (HIS), human and animal laboratory networks, and human and animal emergency response. ³⁶⁴

In October 2024, members of the Network for Epidemiological Surveillance of Animal Diseases and Zoonoses in Burkina Faso (RESUREP) participated in a capacity-building workshop on the electronic collection of animal health data, organized with the financial support of the Netherlands Development Organization, SNV. ³⁶⁵ It included field agents from 13 regions of Burkina Faso who were regional veterinary service agents, provincial veterinary service agents, and veterinary post agents. ³⁶⁶ The training is conducted annually to "refresh the agents' skills because data collection tools evolve". ³⁶⁷

2.3.2b Collection of ongoing/real-time lab data by electronic surveillance system

Score: 50

The electronic reporting surveillance system in Burkina Faso collects real-time laboratory data. However, there is no evidence that it can be disaggregated and analysed by age, ethnicity, and other factors.

ENDOS consists of the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) with a Tracker, utilized in Burkina Faso. ³⁷¹ DHIS2 supports the collection, analysis, visualization, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection using the DHIS2 Android app, while the DHIS2 Tracker supports data collection, and analysis of transactional or disaggregated data. ³⁷² However, the specific disaggregation for the Burkina Faso platform was not disclosed. ³⁷³ ³⁷⁴

2.3.3 Wastewater surveillance

2.3.3a National wastewater surveillance programme or initiative

Score: 50

There is evidence that Burkina Faso has an ongoing local/sub-national wastewater surveillance programme. As part of the ODIN Wastewater Surveillance Project, supported by the Commission of the European Communities, pilot samples of wastewater were collected in October and November 2024 with the aim of prioritising the following pathogens: Salmonella Typhi, Vibrio cholerae, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) such as Enterococci and Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase (CP) producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.³⁷⁵

Moreover, Burkina Faso has adopted wastewater environmental surveillance to monitor polio and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), although evidence shows this is currently at the sub-national level. Teams collect weekly samples in Ouagadougou and send them to Dakar for testing. The team reports its environmental data every trimester to the Ministry of Health which then combines it with clinical data to report to global systems such as the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS).³⁷⁶

According to the 2025 Q4 Polio Environmental Surveillance Bulletin, published by the WHO and the GPEI, the Polio Eradication Programme (PEP), WHO Africa Regional Office (AFRO), have supported capacity-building in Burkina Faso through a refresher training session for ES focal points from government and supporting partner agencies.³⁷⁷ Further, in 2016, under the Polio Environmental Surveillance Expansion Plan (PESEP), the GPEI began initiating ES implementation in six new countries (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Guinea, Madagascar and Niger).³⁷⁸ The Bulletin also lists the country as having 10 ES sites as of Q4 in 2025, although it is unclear whether these are at the national level and are ongoing.

2.4 Surveillance data accessibility and transparency

2.4.1 Coverage and use of electronic health records

2.4.1a Common usage of electronic health records

Score: 50

Electronic health records in Burkina Faso are not commonly in use, but there is evidence they are used.

According to a 2024 article titled "Current status of digital health interventions in the health system in Burkina Faso", while the use of open-source technologies for the development of the applications, software, or platforms used to implement these digital health interventions is well established (77%), there remains a deficiency in the integration of data from different platforms, but most digital health intervention projects are still in the pilot phase (66%), with isolated electronic patient record initiatives remaining incomplete. ³⁷⁹ Within the public sector, these records typically take the form of electronic registers or isolated specialty records in a hospital. ³⁸⁰

2.4.1b Public health system access to individual electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no evidence that national public health system in Burkina Faso has access to electronic health records of individuals in their country.

The District Health Information Software, version 2 (DHIS2) “tracker” module allows the tracking of individual patients, in which the DHIS2 "events" application is also used and helpful to track individual cases. ³⁸¹ The DHIS2 tracker module allows data from all levels and players in the health system to be connected, including data from the laboratories (sample transportation and testing). ³⁸² However, it is focused on surveillance, and not necessarily the health records of individuals in Burkina Faso. ³⁸³

However, access is still varies. According to a 2024 article titled "Current status of digital health interventions in the health system in Burkina Faso", while the use of open-source technologies for the development of the applications, software, or platforms used to implement these digital health interventions is well established (77%), there remains a deficiency in the integration of data from different platforms, but most digital health intervention projects are still in the pilot phase (66%), with isolated electronic patient record initiatives remaining incomplete. ³⁸⁴ Within the public sector, these records typically take the form of electronic registers or isolated specialty records in a hospital. ³⁸⁵

2.4.1c Existence of data standards for health record data comparability

Score: 0

There is no evidence that there are data standards to ensure data in the electornic reporting system is comparable in Burkina Faso.

The "One Health" platform was developed on the District Health Information Software, version 2 (DHIS2) “tracker” module, which supports the translation of notified events into measurable indicators. ³⁸⁸ The work is a collaboration of three autonomous ministries (Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, and Ministry of the Environment), three databases (called DHIS2 “instances”) had to be created: one for each ministry that would allow them to control their own content and parameters, and a fourth database was also developed to serve as the One Health data warehouse, combining data from the other ministries’ DHIS 2 instances. ³⁸⁹ It independently collects data related to an epidemic or a disease under surveillance (without commands being necessary) across the three ministries’ databases. ³⁹⁰

No data are entered directly in the fourth database; instead, an interoperability layer application enhanced by a custom-made integrated disease surveillance and response algorithm is used to automatically pull relevant data from the three ministries’ databases, analyze them, trigger an alert, and update this fourth database’s data visuals and dashboard. ³⁹¹ Each database’s data are analyzed by the interoperability layer or mediator, and if data reach or overcome a certain threshold, an alert is automatically sent out to a predefined group of decision makers. ³⁹²

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the "One Health" platform electronic platform consists of three sectoral databases (health, livestock, and environment) that interoperate with a fourth database that allows data to be shared on priority zoonoses (dengue fever, rabies, brucellosis, anthrax, and HPAI) and unusual events with all ministries involved in the "One Health" concept (p. 40). ³⁹³

However, while the ENDOS and DHIS2 systems are integrated, there is no clear evidence of data standards (like ISO) to ensure comparability. ³⁹⁴ ³⁹⁵ Moreover, Burkina Faso does not have formal, nationally adopted data standards (e.g., ISO) to ensure that health data are comparable across all facilities; the “One Health” platform supports data sharing and interoperability for specific ministries and diseases, but this is sector-specific and does not constitute nationwide standards for comparable health data. ³⁹⁶

2.4.2 Data integration between human, animal and environmental health sectors

2.4.2a Data sharing mechanisms

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has established mechanisms at the relevant ministries responsible for animal, human, and wildlife surveillance to share data.

The "One Health" plaform in Burkina Faso provides real-time data on unusual events and suspected cases to central-level directorates, laboratories, and the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ³⁹⁷ The country's electronic health management information system, named ENDOS, is integrated with the One Health platform. ³⁹⁸ The "One Health" platform was developed on the District Health Information Software, version 2 (DHIS2) “tracker” module, which supports the translation of notified events into measurable indicators. ³⁹⁹ The work is a collaboration of three autonomous ministries (Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, and Ministry of the Environment), three databases (called DHIS2 “instances”) had to be created: one for each ministry that would allow them to control their own content and parameters, and a fourth database was also developed to serve as the One Health data warehouse, combining data from the other ministries’ DHIS 2 instances. ⁴⁰⁰ It independently collects data related to an epidemic or a disease under surveillance (without commands being necessary) across the three ministries’ databases, and it is accessible for all of them. ⁴⁰¹ No data are entered directly in the fourth database; instead, an interoperability layer application enhanced by a custom-made integrated disease surveillance and response algorithm is used to automatically pull relevant data from the three ministries’ databases, analyze them, trigger an alert, and update this fourth database’s data visuals and dashboard. ⁴⁰²

The "One Health" electronic platform tracks 52 human, 14 animal, and 7 environmental diseases and is connected to Burkina Faso's government electronic database (ENDOS). ⁴⁰³

However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the data sharing is not systematic, and coordination of surveillance activities between the animal health, public health, and environment sectors is informal and limited to a few diseases (p. 23). ⁴⁰⁴ Moreover, it recommends that epidemiological reports to be developed jointly and made avaialble to the public or relayed to health professionals (p. 24). ⁴⁰⁵

2.4.3 Transparency of surveillance data

2.4.3a Availability of de-identified health surveillance data on disease outbreaks

Score: 100

Burkina Faso makes de-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases publicly available via reports on government websites.

The Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene publishes monthly epidemiological bulletins, which includes total case numbers, deaths, and lethality rates by diseases, such as malaria, meningitis, dengue, and others. ⁴⁰⁶ ⁴⁰⁷ The data is disaggregated by region. ⁴⁰⁸ There is also information on number of health-related alerts, and laboratory data, including number of samples received, number analysed, number positives, and others. ⁴⁰⁹

2.4.4 Ethical considerations during surveillance

2.4.4a Confidentiality legislation/regulations for identifiable health information

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has legislation that safeguards the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities.

Pursuant to Article 12 of the General Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 001-2021/AN of 30 March 2021), it is prohibited to collect or process without the express consent of the data subject, personal data revealing health, genetic and biometric data, or administrative sanctions. ⁴¹⁰ In addition, Article 37 states that personal data that allows the direct or indirect identification of data subjects, must be anonymized as much as possible before transmission, but this obligation can be waived when data processing is associated with pharmacovigilance studies conducted with the consent of the data subjects, or with research protocols carried out as part of national or international cooperative studies. ⁴¹¹

2.4.4b Inclusion of cyber protections in health data confidentiality law/regulation

Score: 0

The legal framework in Burkina Faso safeguarding the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities, does not include mention of protections from cyber attacks.

Pursuant to Article 10 of the General Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 001-2021/AN of 30 March 2021), the data controller must implement all appropriate technical and organisational measures to preserve the security and confidentiality of the data, in particular to protect the data against accidental or unlawful destruction, accidental loss, alteration, unhautorised disclosure or access by unauthorised individuals. ⁴¹² Likewise, Article 42 mandates the fulfilment of adequate protection in case of transfers of personal data. ⁴¹³ However, there are no specific provisions or mention to cyber attacks. ⁴¹⁴

Nevertheless, the Criminal Code (Law No. 025-2018/AN of 31 May 2018) contains an extremely comprehensive catalog of crimes related to cybercrime. ⁴¹⁵ ⁴¹⁶ Obtaining computer data by extortion (Article 611-28), by threat (Article 611-29) or by fraud (Article 613-1), misappropriation and concealment of computer data (Articles 613-3 and 614-1), malicious use of cryptological means (Article 216-10), and the manufacture, importation, possession, exhibition, offer, rental or sale of technical devices enabling the invasion of the privacy of others (Article 524-10) are punishable offences. ⁴¹⁷ ⁴¹⁸ However, there is no specific provision related to data generated through health surveillance activities. ⁴¹⁹ ⁴²⁰

There is no evidence of such legislation or regulations on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁴²¹ ⁴²² ⁴²³ ⁴²⁴

2.4.5 International data sharing

2.4.5a Cooperative commitments or agreements within regions

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has made committments to share surveillance data during a public health emergency with other countries.

There is no evidence of committments on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁴²⁵ ⁴²⁶ ⁴²⁷ ⁴²⁸ ⁴²⁹ The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such requirements either. ⁴³⁰

In September 2023, the West African Health Organization (WAHO) and its partners organized a regional workshop in Burkina Faso to review and validate the strategic plan for cross-border disease surveillance and points of entry in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region. ⁴³⁴ In the occasion, it was highlighted that "the lack of regular sharing of public health information between countries requires the establishment of harmonized and consensual collaborations and the implementation of cross-border surveillance approaches.". ⁴³⁵

The country's adherence to the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) serves as a primary legal and operational commitment. As a signatory, Burkina Faso is obligated to notify the World Health Organization (WHO) of public health events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. This legally binding framework necessitates the sharing of surveillance data with the WHO but does not specify provisions to share with other countries. ⁴³⁶

2.5 Case-based investigation

2.5.1 Case investigation and contact tracing

2.5.1a National support to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national system in place to provide support at the sub-national level (e.g. training, metrics standardization, and/or financial resources) to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention such system. ⁴³⁷

There is no evidence of such system on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Public Function, Labour, and Social Protection, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁴³⁸ ⁴³⁹ ⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹

2.5.1b Provision of wraparound services to enable self-isolation/quarantine as recommended

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso provides wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate or quarantine as recommended, particularly economic support and medical attention.

Pursuant to Article 123 of the Public Health Code (Law No. 23/94/ADP of 19 May 1994), all provisions of the International Health Regulations (IHR) shall apply with regard to quarantine-relevant diseases, such as plague, cholera, and yellow fever. ⁴⁴⁴ In addition, any person who refuses to comply with emergency requests made by a border health control service shall be punished with financial penalties or imprisonment, without prejudice to immediate vaccination (Article 125). ⁴⁴⁵ However, there is no reference to wraparound services. ⁴⁴⁶

In 2024, Burkina Faso imposed quarantine for a dozen cities related to COVID-19 cases in the country. ⁴⁴⁷ However, there is no reference to wraparound services. ⁴⁴⁸

There is no evidence of such wraparound services on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Public Function, Labour, and Social Protection, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁴⁴⁹ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁵¹ ⁴⁵²

2.5.2 Point of entry management

2.5.2a Strategy for tracing and quarantining international travelers

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a joint plan or cooperative agreement between the public health system and border control authorities to identify suspected and potential cases in international travelers and trace and quarantine their contacts in the event of a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), there are legal frameworks and policies defining the roles of public health and security authorities in the management of public health emergencies and quarantine procedures (p. 52). ⁴⁵³ However, it adds that there is no legal framework for relationships, no conventions, no memorandum of understanding, or other arrangements between public health, animal health, radiological safety, chemical safety, and national security authorities (p. 52). ⁴⁵⁴

There is no evidence of such joint plan or cooperative agreement on the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, or the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Mobility. ⁴⁵⁵ ⁴⁵⁶ The Border Police Directorate does not have a website.

2.6 Epidemiology workforce

2.6.1 Existence of applied epidemiology training program such FETP and FETPV

2.6.1a Access to field epidemiology training program in country and/or abroad

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has an applied epidemiology training program available in the country.

Since 2010, Burkina Faso has implemented the Burkina Faso Field Epidemiology Training Program (B-FETP), which also covers Mali, Niger, and Togo. ⁴⁵⁷ ⁴⁵⁸ In 2015, they established a regional programme in collaboration between eight ministries of health from French-speaking countries in West Africa, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, the West African Health Organization (WAHO), the University of Ouagadougou, with technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and with funding from the World Bank through the West Africa Regional Disease Surveillance Project (WARDS). ⁴⁵⁹

The participant must be employed in a civil service in the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Animal Resources, the Ministry of the Environment or the Ministry of Higher Education, be at least 45 years of age, and a holder of a baccalaureate, and a Professional License or any other recognized diploma of equivalent level to the license in the fields of human health sciences, veterinary sciences, human biological sciences or environmental sciences. ⁴⁶⁰

In September 2025, the Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health interventions Network (TEPHINET) granted accreditation status to the Burkina Fase FETP. ⁴⁶¹

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), there are multisectoral field epidemiology training programmes, such as FETP and ISAVET (p. 45). ⁴⁶²

2.6.1b Existence of field epidemiology training for animal health professionals

Score: 100

The available field epidemiology training programmes in Burkina Faso explicitly includes animal health professionals.

Since 2010, Burkina Faso has implemented the Burkina Faso Field Epidemiology Training Program (B-FETP), which also covers Mali, Niger, and Togo. ⁴⁶³ ⁴⁶⁴ The participant must be employed in a civil service in the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Animal Resources, the Ministry of the Environment or the Ministry of Higher Education, be at least 45 years of age, and a holder of a baccalaureate, and a Professional License or any other recognized diploma of equivalent level to the license in the fields of human health sciences, veterinary sciences, human biological sciences or environmental sciences. ⁴⁶⁵

According to the the Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health interventions Network (TEPHINET), the program trains professionals in human and animal health. ⁴⁶⁶

Moreover, Burkina Faso is listed as a beneficiary country of the In Service Applied Epidemiology Training (ISAVET) Programme. ⁴⁶⁷

2.6.2 Epidemiology workforce capacity

2.6.2a Evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people.

Since its inception, there has been 326 graduates in the Burkina Faso Field Epidemiology Training Program (B-FTEP). ⁴⁶⁸ According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Burkina Faso had a population of 23 million people in 2023. ⁴⁶⁹ This a ratio of approximately 2.83 trained field epidemiologists per 200,000 people.

In July 2024, the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene published a special edition of the Public Health Bulletin focused on the B-FTEP. ⁴⁷⁰ The document underscored that "intermediate and advanced FETP graduates are counted in the ratio (an international monitoring indicator) of one epidemiologist per 200,000 inhabitants, which a country must have to effectively respond to public health threats, according to the International Health Regulations (IHR)" (p. 5). ⁴⁷¹ However, there is no reference as to whether such ratio has been achieved. ⁴⁷²

Rapid Response

3.1 Emergency preparedness and response planning

3.1.1 National public health emergency preparedness and response plan

3.1.1a National emergency response plan for diseases with pandemic potential

Score: 66.67

Burkina Faso has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. However, there is no evidence of funding.

In addition, the Pest and Hazardous Waste Management Plan (PGPDD) (2021) sets out strategies for controlling vector-borne diseases, which should combine preventive and curative measures (p. 10). ⁴⁷⁶ To combat diseases, it includes measures to strengthen the capacities of institutional stakeholders and livestock farmers, raise awareness among end stakeholders about pesticide risks, and ensure control, monitoring, and evaluation of pest and pesticide management (pp. 10-11). ⁴⁷⁷ It adds that such measures shall be systematically implemented in the event of an epidemic. ⁴⁷⁸ Nevertheless, it does not specify which diseases. ⁴⁷⁹

3.1.1b National public health emergency response plan published in past 3 years

Score: 100

The overarching national public health emergency response plan in Burkina Faso has been updated in the last three years.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has a multisectoral consultation framework for public health emergencies (p. 48). ⁴⁸⁵ It also adds that the country has a multi-risk health national plan (p. 49). ⁴⁸⁶ Even though the document mentions the existence of such plan, enacted in 2022, it is not publicly available. ⁴⁸⁷ ⁴⁸⁸ ⁴⁸⁹

3.1.1c One health principles by covering multiple threat types

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the overarching national public health emergency response plan in Burkina Faso follow one health principles by covering multiple threats, such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents, or deliberate acts.

3.1.1d Vulnerable populations in national public health emergency response plan

Score: 100

The overarching national public health emergency response plan in Burkina Faso includes mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations.

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) considers health-related problems during emergencies, such as pandemics and epidemics, and malaria and dengue outbreaks (pp. 33-35). ⁵⁰⁵ The plan is based on the principle that the "suffering of people affected by disasters and humanitarian crises should be alleviated as much as possible, and that these people have the right to live dignity, (…) humanitarian aid will be based on the minimum needs of affected people, following "sphere" standards in areas of water, sanitation, nutrition, food, shelter, and medical care, (…) and on individual vulnerability, and stakeholders must ensure protection of children, women, the elderly, the disabled, and people living with HIV/AIDS, and ensure their equitable access to services (p. 80). ⁵⁰⁶

3.1.2 Private sector involvement in response planning

3.1.2a Mechanism to engage private sector in outbreak preparedness/response

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has specific mechanisms for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has a multisectoral consultation framework for public health emergencies (p. 48). ⁵⁰⁷ It also adds that the country has a multi-risk health national plan (p. 49). ⁵⁰⁸ Even though the document mentions the existence of such plan, it is not publicly available. ⁵⁰⁹ ⁵¹⁰ ⁵¹¹ However, it recommends the establishment of exceptional mechanisms for reallocating funds to the private sector or non-governmental actors during public health emergencies (p. 14). ⁵¹²

3.1.3 Non-pharmaceutical interventions planning

3.1.3a Policy/plan/guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during an epidemic or pandemic, which covers more than one disease.

The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (SIMR) (2012), published by the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO), includes NPIs during a public health emergency, such as isolation of cases (p. 113), contact tracing (p. 113), and community engagement and hygiene promotion (p. 113). ⁵¹⁵ The SIMR is not disease-specific, and it covers several diseases, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, meningitis, paludisme, tuberculosis, and others (pp. 18-19). ⁵¹⁶

In 2021, Burkina Faso submitted the third edition of the SIMR for validation, which takes into account event surveillance, community-based surveillance, the "one health" concept, integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) in disaster risk management, IDSR in emergency situations or fragile health system contexts, IDSR at points of entry and risk communication. ⁵¹⁷ However, there is no evidence it has been published yet. ⁵¹⁸ ⁵¹⁹ ⁵²⁰

3.2 Exercising response plans

3.2.1 Activating response plans

3.2.1a Completion of biological-focused IHR exercise with the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has completed a national-level biological threat-focused exercise in the past year.

In August 2025, the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) organized a tabletop simulation exercise (TTX) in Bobo-Bioulasso, aimed to test the National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024). ⁵²¹ The exercises lasted for six days and included participants from different ministries, institutions and partner organizations, which were tested in scenarios to (i) evaluate the speed of alert and activation mechanisms; (ii) check multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary coordination; (iii) test the quality of decision-making in a crisis context; (iv) identify strengths and weaknesses to improve. ⁵²² The exercise has the technical and financial support of the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office. ⁵²³

3.2.1b Evidence of bio-focused exercise to identify gaps/best practices

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has identified a list of gaps and best practices in response to an infectious disease response or after action review, and developed a plan to improve response capabilities.

In August 2025, the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) organized a tabletop simulation exercise (TTX) in Bobo-Bioulasso, aimed to test the National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024). ⁵²⁴ The exercises lasted for six days and included participants from different ministries, institutions and partner organizations, which were tested in scenarios to (i) evaluate the speed of alert and activation mechanisms; (ii) check multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary coordination; (iii) test the quality of decision-making in a crisis context; (iv) identify strengths and weaknesses to improve. ⁵²⁵ The exericse has the technical and financial support of the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office. ⁵²⁶ However, there is no reference as to whether it led to a plan to improve response capabilities. ⁵²⁷ ⁵²⁸

In August 2025, CORUS organized a national workshop on respiratory pandemic response preparedness activities. ⁵²⁹ Funded by the WHO, this meeting brought together experts and multisectoral stakeholders in a context marked by the lessons learned from COVID-19 and previous health crises, with the goal of providing Burkina Faso with a solid national plan, capable of anticipating and containing major health threats, particularly respiratory pathogen pandemics. ⁵³⁰ At the end of this workshop, Burkina Faso plans to make a a validated national plan available that shall be tested during a tabletop simulation exercise to assess the coordination and responsibilities of the various stakeholders, which seeks to address the identified gaps while consolidating existing achievements. ⁵³¹ However, such simulation has not been conducted yet. ⁵³²

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso conducted a risk assessment in July 2021 using the WHO's STAR tool, resulting in risk mapping at the national level (p. 48). ⁵³³ However, not all risks were covered (chemical, radiological, and nuclear events were not considered), and not all national resources were mapped (p. 48). ⁵³⁴ Nevertheless, it occured in 2021. ⁵³⁵

3.2.2 Private sector engagement in exercises

3.2.2a Evidence of national-level biological threat-focused exercise that includes private sector

Score: 100

There is evidence that Burkina Faso has undergone a national-level biological threat-focused exercise. However, there is no evidence that it has included private sector representatives in the past year.

3.3 Emergency response operation

3.3.1 Emergency response operation

3.3.1a Existence of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in place.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has established a physical Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS), which has been activated a dozen times and is equipped to ensure its normal operation (p. 48). ⁵³⁹ CORUS has a procedures manual, and its dedicated staff is trained, including in incident management systes, management of mass casualty influxes, and on response epidemiology (p. 48). ⁵⁴⁰

CORUS has two dedicated lines (T2) capable of receiving 30 simultaneous calls and a videoconferencing system allowing for teleworking involving all stakeholders (p. 48). ⁵⁴¹ Nevertheless, it recommends CORUS to be implemented at the subnational level (p. 49). ⁵⁴²

CORUS is responsible for ensuring health monitoring to detect health risks in time and alert health authorities in return for an appropriate early response, organizing the collection, analysis and interpretation of data relating to the management of public health emergencies, ensuring the production and dissemination of information relating to the management of public health emergencies, ensuring the mobilization and rapid deployment of resources (human, material, financial) for the effective management of public health emergencies, and others. ⁵⁴³

3.3.1b Requirement for EOC to conduct/evidence EOC conducts at least annual drills

Score: 100

The Emergency Operations Center (EOC) of Burkina Faso has conducted a drill at least once per year.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has organized simulations to test emergency response mechanisms (p. 49). ⁵⁴⁴ It adds that the country has conducted several tabletop and full-scale simulation exercises to test decision-making and protocols, including several intra- and post-action reviews (p. 50). ⁵⁴⁵

In 2025, the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) organized a tabletop simulation exercise (TTX) in Bobo-Bioulasso, aimed to test the National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024). ⁵⁴⁶ The exercises lasted for six days and included participants from different ministries, institutions and partner organizations. ⁵⁴⁷ However, there is no evidence that there is a requirement to conduct at least one a year. ⁵⁴⁸ ⁵⁴⁹

3.3.1c EOC activation within 120 minutes of identification of emergency/scenario

Score: 0

There is no evidence to show that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) has conducted within the last year a coordinated emergency response or emergency response exercise activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency or scenario.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) has an activation time of approximately one week instead of 120 minutes after receiving information or an early warning (p. 48). ⁵⁵⁰ It recommends the country working to reduce such time (p. 49). ⁵⁵¹

There is no evidence of such timely activation on CORUS' website. ⁵⁵² ⁵⁵³

3.4 Linking public health and security authorities

3.4.1 Public health and security authorities linked for a biological event

3.4.1a Joint exercise/procedures for potential deliberate biological events

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has either carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event, or enacted standard operating procedures (SOPs), guidelines, memoranda of understanding (MOUs), or other agreements between the public health, the animal health, the private sector and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), Burkina Faso has organized simulations to test emergency response mechanisms (p. 49). ⁵⁵⁴ However, there is no evidence that they covered deliberate biological events, such as bioterrorism. ⁵⁵⁵

There is no evidence that the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) has conducted exercises to respond to a potential deliberate biological event. ⁵⁵⁶ ⁵⁵⁷

There is no evidence of such SOPs, guidelines, MOUs or other agreements on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁵⁵⁸ ⁵⁵⁹ ⁵⁶⁰ ⁵⁶¹

3.5 Risk communication

3.5.1 Risk communication planning

3.5.1a Risk communication plan for specific use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has either a risk communication plan specifically intended for use during a public health emergency, or a sector detailing risk communication in the national public health emergency response plan.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), a multisectoral communication plan for risk management in health emergencies must be developed (p. 25). ⁵⁶² Even though the country has dedicated human resources for risk communication and community engagement, and communication structures being available, there is no strategic plan for risk communication and community engagement (p. 60). ⁵⁶³

The Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) is responsible for ensuring risk communication (p. 58). ⁵⁶⁴ The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) states that the country must ensure the operation of communication channels (p. 63), but there is not a specific section for risk communication. ⁵⁶⁵

There is no evidence of such risk communication plan on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, CORUS, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁵⁶⁶ ⁵⁶⁷ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁵⁶⁹

3.5.1b Inclusion of different population & sector needs in risk communication plan

Score: 0

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), a multisectoral communication plan for risk management in health emergencies must be developed (p. 25). ⁵⁷⁰ Even though the country has dedicated human resources for risk communication and community engagement, and communication structures being available, there is no strategic plan for risk communication and community engagement (p. 60). ⁵⁷¹

The Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) is responsible for ensuring risk communication (p. 58). ⁵⁷² The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) states that the country must ensure the operation of communication channels (p. 63), but there is not a specific section for risk communication. ⁵⁷³

3.5.1c Designation of a specific government spokesperson during a public health emergency

Score: 0

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), a multisectoral communication plan for risk management in health emergencies must be developed (p. 25). ⁵⁷⁸ Even though the country has dedicated human resources for risk communication and community engagement, and communication structures being available, there is no strategic plan for risk communication and community engagement (p. 60). ⁵⁷⁹

The Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) is responsible for ensuring risk communication (p. 58). ⁵⁸⁰ The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) states that the country must ensure the operation of communication channels (p. 63), but there is not a specific section for risk communication. ⁵⁸¹

3.5.2 Public health systems communication

3.5.2a Government use of media platforms to share info on public health emergencies

Score: 100

There is evidence that the public health system has actively shared messages via online media platforms to inform the public about ongoing public health concerns and dispel rumours, misinformation, or disinformation.

The Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) actively shares updates on ongoing public health concerns, in which there is a tab on the website about current events related to health emergencies. ⁵⁸⁶ The Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene regularly publishes updates on activities, including those related to health emergencies, and press releases. ⁵⁸⁷

3.5.2b Evidence that senior leaders have shared mis/disinformation on infectious diseases

Score: 100

There is no evidence that senior leaders in Burkina Faso have shared misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases in the past two years.

According to media outlets, Burkina Faso is facing political misinformation campaigns. ⁵⁸⁸ ⁵⁸⁹ ⁵⁹⁰ However, there is no evidence that senior officials have specifically shared misinformation on infectious diseases. ⁵⁹¹ ⁵⁹² ⁵⁹³ ⁵⁹⁴ ⁵⁹⁵ ⁵⁹⁶ ⁵⁹⁷ ⁵⁹⁸

There is no evidence of such remarks on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁵⁹⁹ ⁶⁰⁰

3.6 Access to communications infrastructure

3.6.1 Internet users

3.6.1a Percentage of households with Internet

Score: 20.8

3.6.2 Mobile subscribers

3.6.2a Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Score: 0

3.6.3 Female access to a mobile phone

3.6.3a Gender gap in access to a mobile phone (percentage points)

Score: 50

3.6.4 Female access to the Internet

3.6.4a Gender gap in access to the Internet (percentage points)

Score: 62.5

3.7 Trade and travel restrictions

3.7.1 Trade restrictions

3.7.1a Restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no evidence of such restrictions on the official website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Craftsmanship, the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, or the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Mobility. ⁶⁰¹ ⁶⁰² ⁶⁰³ ⁶⁰⁴

3.7.1b Restrictions on movement and/or exports/imports due to disease outbreak

Score: 0

Burkina Faso has implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods. However, they were not based on international recommendations or structured decision mechanism involving specific scientific evidence, expert input, and guidelines/policies.

In 2025, the Government of Burkina Faso implemented a ban on the export of key agricultural commodities, including rice, millet, maize, sorghum, and cowpeas, in order to cushion its citizens from a "looming scourge of food insecurity". ⁶⁰⁵ Likewise, it announced an indefinite suspension of raw cashew nut exports to increase local value addition by ensuring that raw cashew nuts are processed within the country rather than exported unprocessed. ⁶⁰⁶ However, in both instances, there is no evidence that they were imposed due to an infectious disease outbreak. ⁶⁰⁷ ⁶⁰⁸

3.7.2 Travel restrictions

3.7.2a Evidence of travel ban due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has implemented inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no evidence of such restrictions on the official website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Craftsmanship, the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Mobility, or the Ministry of Communications, Culture, Arts, and Tourism. ⁶¹³ ⁶¹⁴ ⁶¹⁵ ⁶¹⁶ ⁶¹⁷

3.7.2b Risk-based approach to international travel-related measures

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso uses a risk-based approach to international travel-related measures.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country is developing a national multisectoral mechanism to apply a risk-based approach to the strategic management of international transport, including prevention, detection, investigation, response, and recovery measures (p. 66). ⁶¹⁸

There is no evidence of such approach on the official website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Craftsmanship, the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Mobility, or the Ministry of Communications, Culture, Arts, and Tourism. ⁶¹⁹ ⁶²⁰ ⁶²¹ ⁶²² ⁶²³

Health System

4.1 Health capacity in clinics, hospitals and community care centers

4.1.1 Available human resources for the broader healthcare system

4.1.1a Doctors per 100,000 people

Score: 1.68

4.1.1b Nurses and midwives per 100,000 people

Score: 12.85

4.1.1c Updated health workforce strategy to address human resource shortfalls

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a health workforce strategy in place to identify fields where there is an insufficient workforce and strategies to address these shortcomings.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has multisectoral human resources capable of implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR), but there is no strategy based on needs assessment and human resource mapping (p. 44). ⁶²⁴ It further recommends that a human resources provision strategy should ensure the sustainability of IHR implementation by appropriate personnel (p. 44). ⁶²⁵

The National Health Development Plan 2021-2030 (PNDS) (2021) underscores that "the distribution of human resources remains unbalanced in favor of cities" (p. 56). ⁶²⁶ However, there are no provisions related to address these shortcomings. ⁶²⁷

There is no evidence of such plan on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Public Function, Labour, and Social Protection, the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁶²⁸ ⁶²⁹ ⁶³⁰ ⁶³¹

4.1.1d Health system capacity for essential health services

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has sufficient capacity within the health system to deliver essential health services.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), service continuity is insufficient (p. 55). ⁶³²

The National Health Development Plan 2021-2030 (PNDS) (2021) acknowledges that in Burkina Faso, "the health status of the population improved overall from 2011 to 2020 but remains marked by still high morbidity and mortality", in which life expectancy at birth was 61.5 years in 2020, and low level is underpinned by still high, although declining, mortality, especially among vulnerable groups such as women and children" (p. 20). ⁶³³ In addition, "the use of health services by the population improved", but is still insufficient (p. 23). ⁶³⁴

4.1.1e Essential health services continuity plan for public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a plan to ensure continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country does not have plans or guidelines for the continuity of essential health services during health emergencies (p. 54). ⁶³⁵ Furthermore, the national guidelines on diagnostic and therapeutic response measures have not been updated to address all priority events. Furthermore, no simulation exercises have been conducted to test the functioning of the national referral and counter-referral system (p. 55). ⁶³⁶

There is no evidence of such plan on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁶³⁷ ⁶³⁸ ⁶³⁹ ⁶⁴⁰

4.1.2 Facilities capacity

4.1.2a Hospital beds per 100,000 people

Score: 0

4.1.2b In-country capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has the capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases in a biocontainment patient care unit or patient isolation room located within the country.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has general patient isolation measures within healthcare facilities (p. 21), and in the event of a health crisis, sites are identified for the isolation and management of cases (p. 54). ⁶⁴¹ However, it recommends the country to equip healthcare facilities with isolation areas (p. 59). ⁶⁴²

The Plan to Combat Infections and Waste Management (PLIGD) disclosed a procedure for the isolation of patients with COVID-19 (p. 27), but there is no evidence that the country has capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases in a biocontainment patient care unit or patient isolation room. ⁶⁴³

According to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", there is no immediate access to equipment and other supplies, including observation/isolation rooms, and not all health facilities have isolation units. ⁶⁴⁴ The country has identified but not updated potential isolation facilities, taking into account infection control and the possibility of adequate isolation, waste management, water supply, and electricity. ⁶⁴⁵ In addition, Burkina Faso lacks a risk communication plan or isolation facilities in health facilities. ⁶⁴⁶

There is no evidence of such capacity on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁶⁴⁷ ⁶⁴⁸

4.1.2c Demonstrated capacity / evidence of plan to expand isolation capacity

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has demonstrated capacity to expand isolation capacity in response to an infectious disease outbreak in the past two years.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has general patient isolation measures within healthcare facilities (p. 21), and in the event of a health crisis, sites are identified for the isolation and management of cases (p. 54). ⁶⁴⁹ However, it recommends the country to equip healthcare facilities with isolation areas (p. 59). ⁶⁵⁰

4.2 Supply chain for health system and healthcare workers

4.2.1 Routine health care and laboratory system supply

4.2.1a National procurement protocol for the acquisition of routine laboratory/medical supplies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a national procurement protocol which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies and medical supplies for routine needs.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has protocols and mechanisms for the procurement of health products at the national level, but not at the intermediate and peripheral levels (p. 50). ⁶⁵²

Pursuant to Article 3 of the Public Procurement Law (Law No. 039-2016/AN of 2 December 2016), the provisions of the Public Procurement Law are applicable to all public entities, including the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene and the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources, and Fisheries. ⁶⁵³ It provides a general framework on public procurement, including the procedure depending on the value spent. ⁶⁵⁴ However, there is no explicit reference to neither laboratory supplies nor medical supplies. ⁶⁵⁵

4.2.2 Stockpiling for emergencies

4.2.2a Stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a stockpile of medical supplies (e.g. MCMs, medicines, vaccines, medical equipment, PPE) for national use during a public health emergency defined by the overarching national public health emergency response plan.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), although the country allocates a budget for stockpiling medicines and equipment, it must make a stockpile of medical countermeasures (MCM) available for own use during a public health emergency (p. 50). ⁶⁵⁶

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) considers health-related problems during emergencies, such as pandemics and epidemics, and malaria and dengue outbreaks (pp. 33-35). ⁶⁵⁷ It presents the goal of the health sector to reduce the risks of the emergence and spread of vector-borne diseases in affected areas, including deployment of mobile health teams, provide affected individuals with medicines, vaccines, and health supplies, set up advanced posts at reception sites, and others (p. 72). ⁶⁵⁸ It acknowledges the existence of insufficient of funding to purchase stockpile of supplies to be used during public health emergencies (p. 47). ⁶⁵⁹ The national plan presents measures to stockpile sufficient equipment and food to provide assistance to 500 people in high-risk areas during public health emergencies (p. 82). ⁶⁶⁰ However, it is unclear whether it includes medical supplies, or whether it has been implemented. ⁶⁶¹

There is no mention of a stockpile of medical supplies on the official website of the Central Purchasing Agency for Essential Generic Medicines and Medical Consumables (CAMEG). ⁶⁶² There is no further information on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁶⁶³ ⁶⁶⁴

4.2.2b Stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a stockpile of laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency defined by the overarching national public health emergency response plan.

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) considers health-related problems during emergencies, such as pandemics and epidemics, and malaria and dengue outbreaks (pp. 33-35). ⁶⁶⁷ It presents the goal of the health sector to reduce the risks of the emergence and spread of vector-borne diseases in affected areas, including deployment of mobile health teams, provide affected individuals with medicines, vaccines, and health supplies, set up advanced posts at reception sites, and others (p. 72). ⁶⁶⁸ It acknowledges the existence of insufficient of funding to purchase stockpile of supplies to be used during public health emergencies (p. 47). ⁶⁶⁹ The national plan presents measures to stockpile sufficient equipment and food to provide assistance to 500 people in high-risk areas during public health emergencies (p. 82). ⁶⁷⁰ However, it is unclear whether it includes laboratory supplies, or whether it has been implemented. ⁶⁷¹

There is no mention of a stockpile of laboratory supplies on the official website of the Central Purchasing Agency for Essential Generic Medicines and Medical Consumables (CAMEG). ⁶⁷² There is no further information on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁶⁷³ ⁶⁷⁴

4.2.2c Annual review of national stockpile to ensure sufficient supply

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso conducts or requires an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) recommends the country to make a stockpile of medical countermeasures (MCM) available for own use during a public health emergency (p. 50). ⁶⁷⁵

Moreover, according to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", the country has not identified or assessed storage capacity and stock management system or not all resources, including the location of potential ones, that can be used in responding to public health emergencies. ⁶⁷⁶

There is no mention of a requirement to conduct an annual review of the national stockpile on the official website of the Central Purchasing Agency for Essential Generic Medicines and Medical Consumables (CAMEG). ⁶⁷⁷ There is no further information on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁶⁷⁸ ⁶⁷⁹

4.2.3 Manufacturing and procurement for emergencies

4.2.3a Plan/agreement to produce/procure medical supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a mechanism to procure medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), public procurement regulations provide for the exceptional procedure of direct contracting for awarding public contracts in situations of extreme emergency and natural disaster. However, available funding is insufficient and comes mainly from technical and financial partners and donors (p. 13). ⁶⁸⁰ In addition, it undescores that the country has a national plan for procuring health products in emergency and disaster situations (p. 50). ⁶⁸¹

In addition, in accordance with Article 75 of the Public Procurement Law (Decree No. 2017-0049/PRES/PM/MINEFID of 27 March 2017), public authorities may be exempt from regular public procurement proceedings in case of extreme urgency for works, supplies, or services. ⁶⁸² It includes the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, as established in Article 3. ⁶⁸³

However, according to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", the country does not have a plan that describes a system for sending and receiving medical equipment and personnel in the event of a health emergency. ⁶⁸⁴

4.2.3b Plan/agreement to produce/procure lab supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a mechanism to procure laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency. There is no evidence of a plan to leverage public and private sector domestic manufacturing capacity to produce laboratory suuplies or a mechanism to expedite their entry through points of entry either.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), public procurement regulations provide for the exceptional procedure of direct contracting for awarding public contracts in situations of extreme emergency and natural disaster. However, available funding is insufficient and comes mainly from technical and financial partners and donors (p. 13). ⁶⁸⁵ In addition, it undescores that the country has a national plan for procuring health products in emergency and disaster situations (p. 50). ⁶⁸⁶

In addition, in accordance with Article 75 of the Public Procurement Law (Decree No. 2017-0049/PRES/PM/MINEFID of 27 March 2017), public authorities may be exempt from regular public procurement proceedings in case of extreme urgency for works, supplies, or services. ⁶⁸⁷ It includes the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, as established in Article 3. ⁶⁸⁸ However, there is no explicit reference to laboratory supplies. ⁶⁸⁹

According to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", the country does not have a plan that describes a system for sending and receiving medical equipment and personnel in the event of a health emergency. ⁶⁹⁰

4.2.3c Mechanism emergency logistics and supply chain management

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a mechanism for national level emergency logistics and supply chain management. The system covers public and private sector.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has protocols and mechanisms for procuring health products at the national level, but not at the intermediate and peripheral levels (p. 50). ⁶⁹¹ In addition, development partners, including the GAVI Alliance, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the WHO, support the program, particularly in coordination, service delivery, capacity building, the cold chain, the introduction and procurement of new vaccines, supplementary vaccination activities, and health system strengthening (p. 31). ⁶⁹²

Moreover, the Central Purchasing Agency for Essential Generic Medicines and Medical Consumables (CAMEG), under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, is an agency responsible for purchasing, storage and distribution center for pharmaceutical products and health equipment for public and private structures operating in Burkina Faso and providing public service. ⁶⁹³ In April 2024, CAMEG, created in 1992, was transformed into a state-owned company. ⁶⁹⁴ There are 70 distribution depots supplied by CAMEG which, in turn, supply public health facilities – it also has 10 sales agencies in 8 regions. ⁶⁹⁵

CAMEG supplies for both the public and private sector. ⁶⁹⁶ The private sector requires authorization of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene and the National Agency for Pharmaceutical Regulation (ANRP) to be included. ⁶⁹⁷ ⁶⁹⁸

4.3 Medical countermeasures and personnel deployment

4.3.1 System for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

4.3.1a Plan/program/guidelines for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Burkina Faso has a plan, policy, or guidelines in place for dispensing medical countermeasures (MCM) for national use during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country has a pandemic preparedness plan that integrates MCM (p. 50). ⁶⁹⁹ However, there is no reference to specific guidelines for dispensing them during a public health emergency. ⁷⁰⁰

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) does not contain a section dedicated for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency. ⁷⁰¹ The Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (SIMR) (2012), published by the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO), contains guidelines on how medicines and medical consumables must be used during outbreaks, but there is no specific plan for dispensing MCM for national use during a public health emergency. ⁷⁰²

There is no evidence of such document on the official website of the Central Purchasing Agency for Essential Generic Medicines and Medical Consumables (CAMEG). ⁷⁰³ There is no further information on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁷⁰⁴ ⁷⁰⁵

4.3.2 System for receiving foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

4.3.2a Plan to receive foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There is evidence that Burkina Faso has a public plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country does not have a plan defining the procedures and decision-making process for sending and receiving health personnel during a public health emergency (p. 50). ⁷⁰⁶ Nevertheless, it also states that Burkina Faso has strategies for deploying human resources in the event of a health emergency, and that rapid response teams have also been established, along with trained personnel, but ongoing capacity building for team members needs improvement (p. 45). ⁷⁰⁷

The National Multi-Risk Prepration and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) underscores that, during emergencies, personnel from local technical structures will be mobilized as a priority, who will be tasked with assessing the situation, technically managing and monitoring activities in each of the affected sectors (p. 83). ⁷⁰⁸ Depending on the scale of the disaster and for rapid implementation of interventions, other human resources will be involved at the regional, national, or international level, including the Government (CONASUR and its branches on the ground, sectoral leaders), humanitarian agencies (team deployed by OCHA; teams deployed by the Red Cross movement and national teams deployed by the Red Cross of Burkina Faso), national human resources available at the Ministry level (CV bank established), and organizations acting as sectoral focal points (p. 84). ⁷⁰⁹ In addition, it states that the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) shall ensure the mobilization and rapid deployment of human, material, and financial resources for the management of public health emergencies (p. 58). ⁷¹⁰ However, the provisions are neither specific nor detailed, and they do not present details on how to facilitate workforce surge. ⁷¹¹

In July 2024, WHO, in partnership with the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, implemented the SURGE Initiative, to provide countries with critical support to better prepare for, detect, and respond to public health emergencies in a timely manner. In Burkina Faso, the WHO provided technical expertise to national health authorities and the Center for Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) through the deployment of SURGE trainers. ⁷¹² However, it does not constitute a plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency. ⁷¹³

4.3.2b Plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a public plan in place to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency.

According to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", there are no procedures defining the sending, requesting, and receiving of personnel from other countries. ⁷¹⁵

There is no evidence of such plan on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁷¹⁶ ⁷¹⁷ ⁷¹⁸

4.3.2c Plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a public plan in place to redeploy existing health personnel within the country.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country does not have a plan defining the procedures and decision-making process for sending and receiving health personnel during a public health emergency (p. 50). ⁷¹⁹ Nevertheless, it also states that Burkina Faso has strategies for deploying human resources in the event of a health emergency, and that rapid response teams have also been established, along with trained personnel, but ongoing capacity building for team members needs improvement (p. 45). ⁷²⁰

The National Multi-Risk Prepration and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) underscores that, during emergencies, personnel from local technical structures will be mobilized as a priority, who will be tasked with assessing the situation, technically managing and monitoring activities in each of the affected sectors (p. 83). ⁷²¹ Depending on the scale of the disaster and for rapid implementation of interventions, other human resources will be involved at the regional, national, or international level, including the Government (CONASUR and its branches on the ground, sectoral leaders), humanitarian agencies (team deployed by OCHA; teams deployed by the Red Cross movement and national teams deployed by the Red Cross of Burkina Faso), national human resources available at the Ministry level (CV bank established), and organizations acting as sectoral focal points (p. 84). ⁷²² In addition, it states that the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) shall ensure the mobilization and rapid deployment of human, material, and financial resources for the management of public health emergencies (p. 58). ⁷²³ However, there is no reference to the redeployment of existing health personnel. ⁷²⁴

According to a 2022 article titled "Assessment of the capacity for preparedness and response to health emergencies in Burkina Faso", there is no database of experts for epidemic response in the country, nor are there policies, guidelines, or mechanisms for deploying experts in the event of a health emergency. ⁷²⁵

4.4 Healthcare access

4.4.1 Access to healthcare

4.4.1a Constitutional guarantee of citizens’ right to medical care

Score: 50

The Constitution of Burkina Faso explicitly guarantees citizens' right to medical care. However, there is no evidence that it is guaranteed free.

Pursuant Article 18 of the Constitution of Burkina Faso, enacted on 11 June 1991 and amended in 2024, health is a social and cultural right recognized by the Constitution, which aims to promote them. ⁷²⁹ Article 26 further emphasises this provision, stating that health is a right, and the State shall promote it. ⁷³⁰ Nevertheless, there is no evidence that it is guaranteed free.

4.4.1b Access to skilled birth attendants (% of population)

Score: 94.12

4.4.1c Out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita, PPP (current international $)

Score: 92.23

4.4.1d Coverage of essential health services through universal health coverage

Score: 27.08

4.4.1e Total population pushed below a relative poverty line by household health expenditure (60% of media daily per capita consumption or income)

Score: 60.67

4.4.1f Rate of mortality amenable to health care

Score: 78.1

4.4.2 Paid medical leave

4.4.2a Guaranteed paid sick leave

Score: 66.67

Workers in Burkina Faso are guaranteed paid sick leave. However, there is no evidence that it covers mental health problems.

Pursuant to Article 93 of the Labour Code (Law No. 28-2008/AN of 13 May 2008), the labour contract can be suspended for a sick worker. ⁷³¹ In accordance with Article 96, during the worker's absence due to non-professional illness, they receive compensation based on seniority, in which those with less than a year at work receive full pay for one month, and half pay the following month, reaching up to four months of full salary and four months of half salary for workers with more than 15 years of seniority. ⁷³²

4.4.3 Healthcare worker access to healthcare

4.4.3a Government prioritisation of care for healthcare workers during response

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has issued legislation, a policy, or a public statement committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency.

The Sectoral Health Policy 2018-2027 (PSS) (2017), the National Health Community Strategy 2024-2028 (2024), and the National Health Development Plan 2021-2030 (PNDS) (2021) do not present such committments or prioritized access to healthcare services. ⁷³³ ⁷³⁴ ⁷³⁵

The National Multi-Risk Prepration and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) and the Pest and Hazardous Waste Management Plan (PGPDD) (2021) do not include such provisions either. ⁷³⁶ ⁷³⁷ The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024) does not mention the subject. ⁷³⁸

There is no evidence of such legislation, policy, or statements on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁷³⁹ ⁷⁴⁰ ⁷⁴¹ ⁷⁴²

4.5 Communications with healthcare workers during a public health emergency

4.5.1 Communication with healthcare workers

4.5.1a Existence of system for communication during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) uses the communication network system of private telephone companies operating in Burkina Faso, which is a radio-tactical communication system using a fixed radio base station with a 50 km radius interconnected to the radio-tactical system of the Emergency Medical Assistance Service (SAMU), as well as operates two dedicated lines (T2) capable of receiving 30 simultaneous calls and a videoconferencing system allowing for teleworking involving all stakeholders (p. 49). ⁷⁴³ However, there is no evidence of a specific system that enables public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency. ⁷⁴⁴

There is no futher evidence on the websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene and CORUS. ⁷⁴⁵ ⁷⁴⁶

4.5.1b Inclusion of public and private sector in healthcare communication system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that private sector healthcare workers can communicate using the system for public health officials and health care workers available during an public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS) uses the communication network system of private telephone companies operating in Burkina Faso, which is a radio-tactical communication system using a fixed radio base station with a 50 km radius interconnected to the radio-tactical system of the Emergency Medical Assistance Service (SAMU), as well as operates two dedicated lines (T2) capable of receiving 30 simultaneous calls and a videoconferencing system allowing for teleworking involving all stakeholders (p. 49). ⁷⁴⁷ However, there is no evidence it includes private healthcare workers. ⁷⁴⁸

There is no further evidence on the websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene and CORUS. ⁷⁴⁹ ⁷⁵⁰

4.6 Infection control practices

4.6.1 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) monitoring

4.6.1a Evidence of national public health system monitoring and tracking of HCAIs

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso is monitoring for and tracking the number of healthcare associated infections (HCAI) that take place in healthcare facilities.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the country does not have a national surveillance plan for HCAI (p. 58). ⁷⁵¹ Even though there is a Guide for Surveillance and Investigation of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Burkina Faso (HCAI case notification form, HCAI case definitions, list of HCAIs under surveillance) and there is healthcare personnel trained in HCAI surveillance, the document recommends the country to establish a national surveillance system for HCAI to support data collection, analysis, and feedback, as well as make data available on facilities capable of conducting surveillance for HCAI (p. 58). ⁷⁵²

There is no evidence that the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene is monitoring for and tracking the number of HCAI that take place in healthcare facilities on the official website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene. ⁷⁵³

4.6.1b Infection prevention and control programme

Score: 0

There is no evicence that Burkina Faso has an infection prevention and control programme (IPC) in place nationally.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene coordinates IPC activities through the development and promotion of standards and norms for quality care, integrated people-centered services, and patient safety, and has departments responsible for implementing IPC, including the General Directorate of Health and Public Hygiene (DGSHP) and the General Directorate of Healthcare Provision (DGOS). (p. 57). ⁷⁵⁴ Nevertheless, there is no national IPC programme (p. 57). ⁷⁵⁵

It states that Burkina Faso has a National Strategy of Hospital Hygiene 2024-2028 (p. 57), but such strategy is not publicly available on the website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁷⁵⁶ ⁷⁵⁷ ⁷⁵⁸ ⁷⁵⁹ The National Health Community Strategy 2024-2028 (2024) does not present specific provisions on IPC. ⁷⁶⁰

The Public Hygiene Code (Law No. 022-2005/AN of 24 May 2005) includes provisions related to IPC in both community and healthcare facilities. ⁷⁶¹ Pursuant to Article 99, each health facility must have a source of drinking water and appropriate sanitary facilities, whereas Article 100 establishes that each health facility must have its own appropriate disposal and treatment system for liquid waste, which must be subject to prior disinfection before being discharged into sanitation facilities. ⁷⁶²

Moreover, Article 102 states that as part of the control of contagious diseases, particularly those with epidemic potential, any case of one of these diseases must be reported to the health authority by any doctor, nurse, and, in general, any healthcare personnel responsible for a public or private healthcare facility who has observed its existence or has been informed of it, and any death due to one of these diseases must be reported to the health authority. ⁷⁶³

4.6.1c National plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities

Score: 100

Burkina Fase has a plan to ensure safe environment in health facilities nationally.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), there are standards and resources for implementing hygiene services, particularly regarding infrastructure, as well as standards for overcrowding and optimizing health staffing levels (p. 58). ⁷⁶⁴ In addition, the country has a "Guide for the Implementation, Monitoring, and Evaluation of the 2020-2024 Standards for the First Level of Human Resources in Health in Burkina Faso", as well as a "Guide for Improving Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation Services in Health Facilities in Burkina Faso" (p. 58). ⁷⁶⁵

In addition, it states that Burkina Faso has a National Strategy of Hospital Hygiene 2024-2028 (p. 57), but such strategy is not publicly available on the website of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁷⁶⁶ ⁷⁶⁷ ⁷⁶⁸ ⁷⁶⁹

In addition, The Public Hygiene Code (Law No. 022-2005/AN of 24 May 2005) has measures to ensure a safe environment in healthcare facilities. ⁷⁷⁰ Pursuant to Article 99, each health facility must have a source of drinking water and appropriate sanitary facilities, whereas Article 100 establishes that each health facility must have its own appropriate disposal and treatment system for liquid waste, which must be subject to prior disinfection before being discharged into sanitation facilities.

4.7 Capacity to test and approve new medical countermeasures

4.7.1 Regulatory process for clinical trials of unregistered interventions

4.7.1a Requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial

Score: 100

There is a national requirement in Burkina Faso for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial.

According to the World Bank and the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD), to conduct clinical trials in Burkina Faso, it is required to have authorization from the Directorate General of Pharmacy, Medicines and Laboratories (DGPML), in which the principal investigator and sponsor also need the approval of the Ethics Committee for Health Research (CERS) to be performed. ⁷⁷¹ ⁷⁷²

Pursuant to Article 3 of Decree No. 2010-243/PRES/PM/MS of 22 April 2010, on the regulation of clinical trials, no clinical trial may be undertaken in Burkina Faso without authorization issued by the Minister of Health and Public Hygiene following the advice of a Technical Committee for the Review of Clinical Trial Authorization Applications. ⁷⁷³

Moreover, Article 10 of Order No. 2010-292 of 21 September 2010 of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, which regulated Decree No. 2010-243, the sponsor is required to inform the pharmaceutical regulatory authority and the Health Research Ethics Committee of any unexpected events occurring during the study or other studies involving the same product, within the time limits stipulated by the procedures in force. ⁷⁷⁴

4.7.1b Expedited approval for clinical trials of unregistered MCMs during epidemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures (MCM) or mutual recognition of clinical trials results taking place elsewhere to treat ongoing pandemics or epidemics.

Pursuant to Article 3 of Decree No. 2010-243/PRES/PM/MS of 22 April 2010, on the regulation of clinical trials, no clinical trial, including on humans, may be undertaken in Burkina Faso without authorization issued by the Minister of Health and Public Hygiene following the advice of a Technical Committee for the Review of Clinical Trial Authorization Applications. ⁷⁷⁹ There are no provisions related to an expedited process during public health emergencies. ⁷⁸⁰

Moreover, Article 8 of Order No. 2010-292 of 21 September 2010 of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, which regulated Decree No. 2010-243, the Minister of Health and Public Hygiene has a maximum period of 90 days to notify the decision to grant, postpone, or refuse authorization for the clinical trial, in which after this period, the authorization is deemed granted. ⁷⁸¹ There are no provisions related to an expedited process during public health emergencies. ⁷⁸²

4.7.2 Regulatory process for approving medical countermeasures

4.7.2a Existence of agency responsible for approving new human MCMs

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has a government agency responsible for approving new medical countermeasures (MCM) for humans.

According to the World Bank and the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD), the Directorate General of Pharmacy, Medicines and Laboratories (DGPML) is the regulatory body, responsible for regulating the pharmaceutical sector in Burkina Faso, including product registration, licensing, inspection, import control, clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, market and quality control, and drug advertising and promotion. ⁷⁸³ ⁷⁸⁴

The DGPML is responsible for the approval of modern medicines (specialty and generic), medicines from traditional pharmacopoeia, medical consumables, and medical biology reagents (p. 15). ⁷⁸⁵ For each Marketing Authorization application, a related dossier is evaluated by experts, in which an opinion is then given by a Technical Commission for the Registration of Medicines and Other Pharmaceutical Products (CTEM). If this opinion is favorable, the Minister of Health authorizes the marketing of the product by decree, and it is included in the national nomenclature of pharmaceutical specialties and generic medicines (p. 15). ⁷⁸⁶

4.7.2b Expedited approval for human MCMs during public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has an expedited process for approving medical countermeasures (MCM) for human use or recognition of approval decisions taking place elsewhere during public health emergencies.

The DGPML is responsible for the approval of modern medicines (specialty and generic), medicines from traditional pharmacopoeia, medical consumables, and medical biology reagents (p. 15). ⁷⁹¹ For each Marketing Authorization application, a related dossier is evaluated by experts, in which an opinion is then given by a Technical Commission for the Registration of Medicines and Other Pharmaceutical Products (CTEM). If this opinion is favorable, the Minister of Health authorizes the marketing of the product by decree, and it is included in the national nomenclature of pharmaceutical specialties and generic medicines (p. 15). ⁷⁹² However, there is no reference to an expedited process. ⁷⁹³

Commitment to International Norms

5.1 IHR reporting compliance and disaster risk reduction

5.1.1 Official IHR reporting

5.1.1a Submission of IHR reports to the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has submitted an IHR Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) to the WHO for the last calendar year, with the latest submission in 2024.⁷⁹⁴

5.1.2 Integration of health into disaster risk reduction

5.1.2a Existence of specific risk reduction strategies for epidemics and pandemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that epidemics and pandemics are integrated into the national risk reduction strategy in Burkina Faso.

The National Multi-Risk Preparation and Response Plan for Emergencies and Humanitarian Crises 2024-2026 (2024) considers health-related problems during emergencies, such as pandemics and epidemics, and malaria and dengue outbreaks (pp. 33-35). ⁷⁹⁵ It presents the goal of the health sector to reduce the risks of the emergence and spread of vector-borne diseases in affected areas, including deployment of mobile health teams, provide affected individuals with medicines, vaccines, and health supplies, set up advanced posts at reception sites, and others (p. 72). ⁷⁹⁶ Nevertheless, it describes the role of the health sector to reduce risks from infectious diseases once a disaster has occured, and there is no mention of reduction of epidemic or pandemic risks. ⁷⁹⁷

5.2 Cross-border agreements on public health and animal health emergency response

5.2.1 Cross-border agreements

5.2.1a Existence of public health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that Burkina Faso has cross-border agreements, as part of a regional group, with regards to health emergencies.

While Burkina Faso has been a member of the African Union since 25 May 1963, this does not necessarily mean that there are specific agreements in place in the event of a public health emergency. ⁷⁹⁸ On 15 July 2022, the African Union published its Revised Statute of the African CDC and its Framework of Operation; pursuant to Article 3, Member States will receive support to the implementation of early warning and response surveillance platforms, as well as preparedness and response systems, declare Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), promote partnerships and collaborations among Member States to address emerging and endemic diseases, pandemics, and public health emergencies, implement capacity-building measures in public health, including through medium- and long-term leadership, field epidemiological, public health emergency and laboratory training programs, and others. ⁷⁹⁹ There is no evidence of gaps in its implementation in Burkina Faso. ⁸⁰⁰

5.2.1b Existence of animal health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 0

There is limited evidence that Burkina Faso has cross-border strategies, as part of a regional group, with regards to animal health emergencies.

While Burkina Faso has been a member of the African Union since 25 May 1963, this does not necessarily mean that there are specific agreements in place between countries in the event of a public health emergency. ⁸⁰¹ In 2019, the African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR) enacted the Animal Health Strategy for Africa 2019-2035, which includes the goal of promoting the establishment of early warning, emergency response mechanisms and disaster fund for animal resources at national, regional and continental levels. ⁸⁰² It includes goals to adapt emergency preparedness and response framework guidelines, train and simulate exercises at regional and national levels, establish regional response teams and mechanism, and establish a continental-level disaster fund. ⁸⁰³

5.3 International commitments

5.3.1 Participation in international agreements

5.3.1a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention status

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has signed and ratified the Biological Weapons Convention.

The country ratified the Biological Weapons Convention by accession on 17 April 1991. ⁸⁰⁴

5.3.1b Submission of CBMs to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has submitted confidence building measures for the Biological Weapons Convention in the past three years.

Burkina Faso submitted confidence building measures for the BWC on 22 March 2025. ⁸⁰⁵

5.3.1c Submission of UNSCR 1540 reports

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has provided the required United Nations Security Council Resoultion (UNSCR) 1540 report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (1540 Committee).

THe country submitted the required document on 4 January 2005. ⁸⁰⁶

5.3.1d Extent of UNSCR 1540 implementation on public health emergencies

Score: 25

5.3.2 Voluntary memberships

5.3.2a Membership in global health security and/or biological weapons agreements

Score: 0

Burkina Faso is not part of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (GP), the Australia Group, or the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).

Burkina Faso is not a member in the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction. ⁸⁰⁷ The country is not a member in the Australia Group (AG) or the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) either. ⁸⁰⁸ ⁸⁰⁹

5.4 JEE and PVS

5.4.1 Completion and publication of a JEE assessment and gap analysis

5.4.1a Completion and publication of JEE (or GHSA pilot external assessment) report

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has completed a Joint External Evaluation (JEE) and published a full public report in the past five years.

Burkina Faso published its World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso in 2024. ⁸¹⁰ ⁸¹¹

5.4.2 Completion and publication of a PVS assessment and gap analysis

5.4.2a Completion and publication of PVS report (past five years)

Score: 0

Burkina Faso has neither completed nor published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) assessment in the last five years.

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has completed a PVS assessment conducted in the past five years. ⁸¹² The latest result on WOAH's database is a Joint External Evaluation in 2017. ⁸¹³

5.4.2b Completion and publication of PVS gap analysis (past five years)

Score: 0

Burkina Faso has neither completed nor published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years.

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has completed a PVS assessment conducted in the past five years. ⁸¹⁴ The latest result on WOAH's database is a Joint External Evaluation in 2017. ⁸¹⁵

5.5 Financing

5.5.1 National financing for epidemic preparedness

5.5.1a Evidence of allocated national funds to improve capacity to address epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has allocated national funds to improve capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats within the past three years.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso (2024), each year, the State budget provides budget lines to finance activities related to the implementation of certain IHR capacities, including emergency responses in the human and animal health sectors, and a budget reorganization mechanism allows the mobilization of certain State financial resources during a public health emergency (p. 14). ⁸¹⁶ However, available funding is insufficient and comes mainly from technical and financial partners and donors (p. 14). ⁸¹⁷

There is no reference to such allocation on the Budgetary Law for the years 2023, 2024 and 2025. ⁸¹⁸ ⁸¹⁹ ⁸²⁰

5.5.2 Financing under JEE and PVS reports and gap analyses

5.5.2a National budget to address gaps identified in JEE, NAPHS or GHSA roadmap

Score: 0

The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) of Burkina Faso does not allocate or describe specific funding from the national budget to address the identified gaps.

Burkina Faso published its World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso in 2024. ⁸²¹ It highlights that each year, the State budget provides budget lines to finance activities related to the implementation of certain IHR capacities, including emergency responses in the human and animal health sectors, and that technical and financial partners allocate significant financial resources to the implementation of the IHR (2005), particularly to emergency responses (p. 13). ⁸²² However, there is no specific allocation or description of funding from the national budget to address the identified gaps. ⁸²³

However, available funding is insufficient and comes mainly from technical and financial partners and donors, and there is no procedures manual for the management of financial resources in all sectors and at all levels during a public health emergency, while the control and monitoring of financial resources allocated to the implementation of the RSI are insufficient (p. 13). ⁸²⁴

5.5.2b National budget to address gaps identified in PVS assessment or gap analysis

Score: 0

Burkina Faso has neither completed nor published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) assessment in the last five years.

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has completed a PVS assessment conducted in the past five years. ⁸²⁵ The latest result on WOAH's database is a Joint External Evaluation in 2017. ⁸²⁶

5.5.3 Financing for emergency response

5.5.3a Emergency public financing during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There are publicly identified special emergency public financing mechanism and funds which Burkina Faso can access in the face of a public health emergency.

Burkina Faso can access the Pandemic Fund. ⁸²⁷ In 2023, it received USD 19.3 million from the Pandemic Fund to implement a project to strengthen the country's capacity to manage public health emergencies through the "One Health" approach and to meet International Health Regulations (IHR 2005 requirements by 2026. ⁸²⁸

In addition, Burkina Faso is eligible to receive funds from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). ⁸²⁹

5.5.4 Accountability for international commitments to address epidemic threats

5.5.4a Commitments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no evidence that senior leaders in Burkina Fase have made a public committment either to support other countries to improve capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats by providing financing or support or improve the country’s domestic capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats by expanding financing or requesting support to improve capacity in the past three years.

There is no evidence of such committments on media outlets, such as L'Observateur, Le Pays, Quotidien Sidwaya, Le Faso, and Burkina 24. ⁸³⁰ ⁸³¹ ⁸³² ⁸³³ ⁸³⁴ There is no evidence of such remarks on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene or the Center for Health Emergency Response Operations (CORUS). ⁸³⁵ ⁸³⁶

5.5.4b Investments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that Burkina Faso has requested financing of technical support from donors to improve the country's domestic capacity to address epidemic threats.

In 2023, the Pandemic Fund approved grants to Burkina Faso for the project "Strengthening Disease Surveillance Systems, Laboratory Capacity, and Staff Skills in Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Coordination" to improve the country's capacity to manage public health emergencies using a "One Health" approach, including targeted training to professionals, upgrading laboratory infrastructure, enhancing testing capabilities, and improving surveillance across human, animal, and environmental health. ⁸³⁷ ⁸³⁸ The total budget was USD 19.3 million. ⁸³⁹

5.5.4c Evidence that the country has fulfilled its full WHO contribution within the past two years

Score: 100

Burkina Faso has fulfilled its full contribution to the World Health Organization (WHO) within the past two years.

According to the latest available statement of the World Health Organization (January 2025), Burkina Faso has paid its assessed contributions for 2024 and 2025. ⁸⁴⁰ In 2024 and 2025, the assessed contributions amounted to USD 45,940, in which the country paid USD 22,970 each year. ⁸⁴¹ Burkina Faso has also fulfilled its contributions for 2022 and 2023. ⁸⁴²

5.6 Commitment to sharing of genetic & biological data & specimens

5.6.1 Commitment to share data and specimens in emergency/non-emergency research

5.6.1a Sharing of genetic/biological data and materials beyond influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has a publicly available plan or policy for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, or isolated specimens along with the associated epidemiological data with international organizations or other countries that go beyond influenza.

There is no evidence of such plan or policy on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Public Function, Labour, and Social Protection, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁸⁴³ ⁸⁴⁴ ⁸⁴⁵ ⁸⁴⁶

5.6.1b Evidence of non-compliance with sample sharing element of PIP framework

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has not shared samples in accordance with the PIP framework in the past two years.

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso failed to share samples in accordance with the PIP framework on the Advisory Group Annual Report fo the Director -General (2024). ⁸⁴⁷ There is no evidence that the country failed to share samples on the official website of the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁸⁴⁸ There is no evidence on the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Annual Progress report, 1 January – 31 December 2024 (2025) either. ⁸⁴⁹

5.6.1c Evidence of non-sharing of pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Burkina Faso has not shared pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak in the past two years.

There is no evidence that the country has not shared pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene, the Ministry of Public Function, Labour, and Social Protection, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database, or the Burkina Faso legal database. ⁸⁵⁰ ⁸⁵¹ ⁸⁵² ⁸⁵³

Risk Environment

6.1 Political and security risk

6.1.1 Government effectiveness

6.1.1a Policy formation

Score: 25

6.1.1b Quality of bureaucracy

Score: 0

6.1.1c Excessive bureaucracy/red tape

Score: 0

6.1.1d Vested interests/cronyism

Score: 25

6.1.1e Corruption

Score: 41

6.1.1f Accountability of public officials

Score: 0

6.1.1g Human rights risk

Score: 0

6.1.2 Orderly transfers of power

6.1.2a Orderly transfers of power

Score: 0

6.1.3 Risk of social unrest

6.1.3a Risk of social unrest

Score: 25

6.1.4 Illicit activities by non-state actors

6.1.4a Risk of terrorism

Score: 0

6.1.4b Level of illicit arms flows within the country

Score: 50

6.1.4c Risk of organized criminal activity

Score: 25

6.1.5 Armed conflict

6.1.5a Presence or risk of armed conflict

Score: 0

6.1.6 Government territorial control

6.1.6a Government territorial control

Score: 0

6.1.7 International tensions

6.1.7a International tensions

Score: 50

6.2 Socio-economic resilience

6.2.1 Literacy

6.2.1a Adult literacy rate (15+ years old, both sexes)

Score: 43.63

6.2.2 Gender equality

6.2.2a UNDP Gender Inequality Index score

Score: 27.79

6.2.3 Social inclusion

6.2.3a Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%)

Score: 43.73

6.2.3b Share of employment in the informal sector

Score: 0

6.2.3c Coverage of social insurance programs (% of population)

Score: 0

6.2.4 Public confidence in government

6.2.4a Public confidence in government

Score: 0

6.2.5 Local media and reporting

6.2.5a Robust, open, diverse local media and reporting

Score: 0

6.2.6 Inequality

6.2.6a Gini coefficient

Score: 62.6

6.3 Infrastructure adequacy

6.3.1 Adequacy of road network

6.3.1a Adequacy of road network

Score: 0

6.3.2 Adequacy of airports

6.3.2a Adequacy of airports

Score: 0

6.3.3 Adequacy of power network

6.3.3a Adequacy of power network

Score: 25

6.4 Environmental risks

6.4.1 Urbanisation

6.4.1a Urban population (% of total population)

Score: 76.35

6.4.2 Land use

6.4.2a Change in forest area (percentage points)

Score: 54.73

6.4.3 Natural disaster risk

6.4.3a Natural disaster risk

Score: 25

6.5 Public health vulnerabilities

6.5.1 Access to quality healthcare

6.5.1a Total life expectancy (years)

Score: 30.07

6.5.1b NCD mortality rate

Score: 58.95

6.5.1c Population aged 65+

Score: 93.91

6.5.1d Tobacco use (% of adults)

Score: 46.78

6.5.1e Level of adult obesity (%)

Score: 89.99

6.5.1f Age-standardised prevalence of mental health disorders (per 100 000 people)

Score: 86.72

6.5.2 Access to potable water and sanitation

6.5.2a Access to potable water

Score: 49.93

6.5.2b Access to at least basic sanitation facilities

Score: 31.9

6.5.2c Percentage of health-care facilities with no access to any electricity supply

Score: 100

6.5.3 Public healthcare spending levels per capita

6.5.3a Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (PPP)

Score: 5.84

6.5.4 Trust in medical and health advice

6.5.4a Trust medical and health advice from the government

Score: 50

6.5.4b Trust medical and health advice from medical workers

Score: 50

Citations

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World Health Organization (WHO). 2024. "Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Burkina Faso". [source].
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Popular Republic of Burkina Faso. 13 July 2015. "Decree No. 2015-834/PRES-TRANS/PM/MEF/MRSI: On the establishment of the National Biosafety Agency (ANB) as a public institution of the State with a scientific, cultural, and technical character". [source].
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Popular Republic of Burkina Faso. June 2004. "Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS: On the national regulations pertaining to security in biotechnology". [source].
Popular Republic of Burkina Faso. June 2004. "Decree No. 2004-262/PRES/PM/MECV/MAHRH/MS: On the national regulations pertaining to security in biotechnology". [source].
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