South Sudan: Score Justification Summary

2026

1.1 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

1.1.1 AMR surveillance, detection and reporting

1.1.1a National plan for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 50

There is no publicly available evidence that South Sudan has a national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) plan for the surveillance, detection and reporting of priority AMR pathogens. There is evidence that South Sudan has developed a National AMR Action Plan (2023–2028), but the plan is not yet publicly available.¹²

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, South Sudan has "no national plan for the detection and reporting of AMR pathogens and there are no Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI) sentinel sites. Furthermore, there is no mention of AMR pathogens in the National Public Health Laboratory Strategic Plan 2010-2015." (p.34) ³ The NAPHS provides several objectives with the explicit purpose of improving AMR detection and surveillance, namely: establishing a system for AMR detection, establishing surveillance systems for the monitoring and identifying of AMR pathogens, developing a national infection prevention and control program, and establishing AMR stewardship. (p.34-37) ⁴ There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health, that any of these objectives have been reached. ⁵

Similarly, there is no evidence in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, that a national plan for AMR exists. ⁶

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in collaboration with the Government of South Sudan launched two workshops to improve the nations efforts to combat AMR. ⁷ The workshops, held between 28 October and 1 November 2024, addressed the 'Progressive Management Pathway for Antimicrobial Resistance' and the 'FAO Assessment Tool for Laboratories and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Systems'. ⁸ The former should provide a roadmap for the implementation of an National Action Plan on AMR. There is no evidence available via the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security that an AMR plan has been established. ⁹¹⁰ The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website.

1.1.1b Capacity of national lab/lab system to test for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a national laboratory system which tests for priority AMR pathogens.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 states that "the National TB [tuberculosis] program has demonstrated capacity for the detection of rifampicin resistance, but this does not extend to any other priority pathogens. There is no surveillance of AMR in animal populations". (p.34)¹¹ The action plan does not discuss the 7+1 priority AMR diseases.

There is no further evidence available via the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security that an AMR plan has been established. ¹⁴¹⁵ The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website.

Finally, according to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, the country has one National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) of Juba, but does not discuss a broader national laboratory system and does not discuss the 7+1 priority AMR diseases. (p.1) The JEE also mentions that the National Public Health Laboratory Strategic Plan 2010-2015 does not mention AMR pathogens. (p.11) ¹⁶

1.1.1c National environmental surveillance for AMR residues/organisms

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the government of South Sudan conducts environmental detection or surveillance activities for antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 states that "the National TB [tuberculosis] program has demonstrated capacity for the detection of rifampicin resistance, but this does not extend to any other priority pathogens. There is no surveillance of AMR in animal populations". (p.34) ¹⁷ The action plan does not mention environmental detection or surveillance activities.

There is no further evidence available via the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ²⁰²¹ The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website.

There is no evidence available via the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017.

1.1.2 Antimicrobial control

1.1.2a National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (humans)

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a national law or regulation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for humans.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, the country does not require a prescription for antibiotics. (p.13) ²²

The South Sudan Essential Medicines List (SSEML) 2018, indicates that the country "pledges [to] implement the Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) categorization of antibiotics in efforts to slow antimicrobial resistance (AMR)" by the World Health Organization. (p.24) ²³ AWaRe makes antibiotics available and affordable, but also enables the monitoring of consumption. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health that AWaRe was implemented. ²⁴ The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website, so no further information was provided.

Research by Otim et al. (2021) shows that inappropriate antibiotics are regularly prescribed in South Sudan. ²⁵

1.1.2b National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (animals)

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a national law or regulation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use in animals.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, South Sudan has "no national plan for the detection and reporting of AMR [antimicrobial resistance] pathogens and there are no Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI) sentinel sites." (p.34) ²⁶ Neither the Ministry of Health nor the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security mention AMR or any antibiotic regulations for animals. ²⁷²⁸ There is currently no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

News articles by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and Veterinarians Without Borders (VWB) indicate that livestock in South Sudan are incredibly vulnerable to zoonotic diseases and AMR. ²⁹³⁰ VWB introduced a 1-shop system to enhance resilience against animal diseases, the program will run between March 2024 and March 2026. Antibiotics are not specifically mentioned. ³¹ UNMISS ran a year long program between 2024 and 2025, which included the distribution of antibiotics, vaccinations, and anti-parasitic treatments. ³² Neither UNMISS nor VWB mention laws or regulations pertaining to antibiotic use in animals.

1.2 Zoonotic disease

1.2.1 National planning for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.1a Laws/plans on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy documents on zoonotic diseases.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 includes a section on zoonotic diseases. ³⁴ The nation recognizes that zoonotic diseases can be detrimental to human health. In line with this South Sudan has identified those zoonotic disease that can cause the most harm, namely: yellow fever, ebola, brucellosis, rift valley fever, rabies, cutaneous anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Furthermore, "surveillance systems are in place for detection and reporting of priority zoonotic diseases that pose the greatest risk to humans, through the IDSR [Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response], and animal health through the Animal Epidemiology Disease Information System". (p.39) ³⁵

In 2021, the Government of South Sudan took part in a Joint Risk Assessment (JRA) with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to improve the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. ³⁶ During the JRA major risks were identified and practical management options were proposed. An agreement to fast-track the realization of a multi sectoral one-health platform, which covers zoonotic diseases, was also made. In March 2023, the WHO reported that South Sudan had formalized a 'One Health multi sectoral coordination mechanism' addressing both public health threats and zoonotic diseases. ³⁷ However, evidence of such a mechanism cannot be found via the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ³⁸³⁹ In general, neither ministry mentions plans or legislation in regards to zoonotic diseases. There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, includes a section on zoonotic diseases, but provides insufficient evidence that there are national plans or legislation for zoonotic disease prioritization, detection, and reporting. (p.14-16) ⁴⁰

1.2.1b Laws/plans on zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has legislation, plans or equivalent strategy documents which includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 includes a section on zoonotic diseases. ⁴¹ The nation recognizes that zoonotic diseases can be detrimental to human health. In line with this South Sudan has identified those zoonotic disease that can cause the most harm, namely: yellow fever, ebola, brucellosis, rift valley fever, rabies, cutaneous anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Furthermore, "surveillance systems are in place for detection and reporting of priority zoonotic diseases that pose the greatest risk to humans, through the IDSR [Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response], and animal health through the Animal Epidemiology Disease Information System". (p.39) ⁴² The action plan does not mention spillover events.

In 2021, the Government of South Sudan took part in a Joint Risk Assessment (JRA) with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to improve the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. ⁴³ During the JRA cross-sectoral surveillance was mentioned, but there is insufficient evidence that spillover events were also included. An agreement to fast-track the realization of a multi sectoral one-health platform, which covers zoonotic diseases, was also made. In March 2023, the WHO reported that South Sudan had formalized a 'One Health multi sectoral coordination mechanism' addressing both public health threats and zoonotic diseases. ⁴⁴ However, evidence of such a mechanism cannot be found via the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁴⁵⁴⁶ In general, neither ministry mentions plans or legislation in regards to zoonotic diseases. There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

1.2.1c Laws/plans for surveillance & control of multiple zoonotic pathogens

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has national legislation, plans, or guidelines that account for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens of public health concern.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 "surveillance systems are in place for detection and reporting of priority zoonotic diseases that pose the greatest risk to humans, through the IDSR [Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response], and animal health through the Animal Epidemiology Disease Information System. Comprehensive outbreak guidelines and reporting forms are available for zoonotic disease outbreaks. The country is yet to establish a One Health policy." (p.39)⁴⁷ The action plan does not provide further details as to how surveillance fo multiple zoonotic pathogens take place.

Surveillance of zoonoses are not mentioned on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁴⁹⁵⁰ There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

1.2.1d Cross-ministerial department/agency/unit for zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a department, agency, or similar unit dedicated to zoonotic disease that functions across ministries.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 includes a section on zoonotic diseases. ⁵¹ The action plan does not mention a specific agency or department that is responsible or dedicated to zoonoses. However, the action plan does provide an extensive list of activities that should enable the country to better deal with zoonotic diseases. (p.39-42) The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries is listed as the responsible authority for most of these activities. ⁵² The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries currently does not have a website.

The World Health Organization has indicated that South Sudan has formalized a "One Health Multi Sectoral Coordination Mechanism to address zoonotic diseases and other public health threats". ⁵³ The One Health Mechanism would be launched by the Ministry of Cabinet Affairs, the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Environment. There is no evidence on the websites of the Ministry of Cabinet Affairs that the One Health Mechanisms is currently active. ⁵⁴ The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and the Ministry of Environment do not have websites.

The Ministry of Health does not mention zoonotic diseases. ⁵⁵

1.2.1e Presence of One Health strategic plan

Score: 100

South Sudan launched its second One Health Strategic Plan 2025-2030 in August 2025. ⁵⁶ While this document is not available to the public yet, the outdated one – One Health Strategic Plan 2020-2024 is publicly available ⁵⁷

1.2.2 Surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.2a Surveillance/reporting mechanism for zoonotic disease for livestock owners

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a mechanism for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 "surveillance systems are in place for detection and reporting of priority zoonotic diseases that pose the greatest risk to humans, through the IDSR [Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response], and animal health through the Animal Epidemiology Disease Information System. Comprehensive outbreak guidelines and reporting forms are available for zoonotic disease outbreaks. The country is yet to establish a One Health policy. Currently the human and animal health sectors are not coordinated with interactions and operations happening on an ad hoc basis. " (p.39) ⁵⁸ The action plan does not mention mechanisms for owners of livestock to report on disease surveillance.

Similarly, the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention any national mechanism for the owners of livestock specifically to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency. ⁵⁹

The Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries have published a the 'Policy Framework and Strategic Plans 2012-2026'. ⁶⁰ This document does cover surveillance in livestock, by aiming to ensure an effective surveillance and reporting system of livestock diseases. (p.55) ⁶¹ However, there is no evidence that there is a mechanism for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

Between March 2023 and March 2024 Veterinarians Without Borders implemented the 'Building Livelihood Resilience for Income Security and Dignified Life' in Torit County in South Sudan. ⁶² This program, among other things, enabled the community to better deal with zoonoses. "1. Training sessions and awareness campaigns empowered communities, health workers, and government officials to identify and mitigate risks posed by zoonotic diseases. 2. An integrated zoonosis early warning and surveillance system was launched, enabling swift identification and response to outbreaks, and aiding in disease monitoring". ⁶³ It is unclear if owners of livestock were encouraged to report on diseases themselves.

There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security that a national mechanism for owners of livestock exists. ⁶⁴⁶⁵

1.2.2b Laws/regulations on data confidentiality to protect livestock owners

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has laws or guidelines that safeguard the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals (for owners).

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 does not mention any national mechanism for the owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency. It does not mention the confidentiality of livestock owners. ⁶⁶

The Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries have published a the 'Policy Framework and Strategic Plans 2012-2026'. ⁶⁸ This document does cover surveillance in livestock, by aiming to ensure an effective surveillance and reporting system of livestock diseases. (p.55) ⁶⁹ However, there is no evidence that there is a mechanism for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

Between March 2023 and March 2024 Veterinarians Without Borders (VWB) implemented the 'Building Livelihood Resilience for Income Security and Dignified Life' in Torit County in South Sudan. ⁷⁰ This program, among other things, enabled the community to better deal with zoonoses. VWB does not mention disease surveillance by livestock owners, nor does it mention any regulations that safeguard confidentiality. ⁷¹

There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security that regulations exist to safeguard confidentiality regarding surveillance activities for animals. ⁷²⁷³

1.2.2c Wildlife zoonotic disease surveillance

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan conducts surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife, poultry, and livestock.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention the surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife, poultry, or livestock specifically in its section on zoonotic diseases (p.14-16) ⁷⁴ Furthermore, "the country is yet to establish a One Health policy, and currently the human and animal health sectors are not coordinated with interactions and operations happening on an ad hoc basis."(p.14) ⁷⁵ According to the World Health Organization (WHO) South Sudan has formalized a one heal coordination mechanism. ⁷⁶ However, there is no evidence through the websites of the WHO or the Ministry of Health that any documents on one health have been published. ⁷⁷⁷⁸

The Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries have published a the 'Policy Framework and Strategic Plans 2012-2026'. ⁷⁹ This document does cover surveillance in livestock, by aiming to ensure an effective surveillance and reporting system of livestock diseases. (p.55) Poultry and wildlife are not mentioned in this context. Moreover, this Policy Framework has not been updated and it remains unclear to what extend strategic objectives were achieved.

There is no further evidence on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture. ⁸⁰⁸¹ There is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 does not mention surveillance of zoonotic disease in wildlife, poultry, and livestock. ⁸²

1.2.3 International reporting of animal disease outbreaks

1.2.3a Annual reporting to OIE on zoonotic disease incidence

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Organisation for Animal Health.

The surveillance and control measures page on the website of the WOAH, shows information on targeted surveillance data, official vaccination data, and a list of control measures for South Sudan. Data is available between July 2014 and June 2018. ⁸³ There is no surveillance data available for 2019 – 2025. There is no evidence that there is a specific mechanism to report notifiable diseases to the WOAH, on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁸⁴There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

1.2.4 Animal health workforce

1.2.4a Number of veterinarians per 100,000 people

Score: 1.18

1.2.4b Number of veterinary para-professionals per 100,000 people

Score: 29.35

1.2.5 Private sector and zoonotic disease

1.2.5a Inclusion of private sector in national plan/law on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a national plan on zoonotic disease and it is unclear whether there are mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses through the ad hoc entities created to address outbreaks.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 addresses zoonoses, but does not mention any opportunities for private sector cooperation. (p.39-42) ⁸⁵ The same can be said for the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017. (p.14-16) ⁸⁶

There is evidence that the government of South Sudan works together with different ministries and international organizations. For example, in 2021 the Government of South Sudan took part in a Joint Risk Assessment (JRA) with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to improve the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. ⁸⁷ Several sectors and stakeholders took part in the JRA, including: "Ministry of Health; Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, the Ministry of Wildlife, the South Sudan Veterinary Association, University of Juba, and Upper Nile University". ⁸⁸ Parties from the private sector were not mentioned.

The private sector in relation to zoonoses, is not mentioned on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁸⁹⁹⁰ There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

1.3 Biosecurity

1.3.1 Whole-of-government biosecurity systems

1.3.1a Updated national records of especially dangerous pathogen/toxin inventories

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has in place a record, updated within the past 5 years, of the facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, including details on inventories and inventory management systems of those facilities.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ⁹¹ According to the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, South Sudan has not submitted any Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). Neither has it indicated which facilities hold dangerous pathogens or toxins. ⁹²

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, says the biosafety and biosecurity capacities of South Sudan are lacking. The JEE notes "there is no mechanism for monitoring and developing a record and inventory of pathogens within facilities that process dangerous and toxins." (p.20) ⁹³

There is no mention of pathogen and toxin storage facilities on the websites of the Ministry of Health, The Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs, the Ministry of Cabinet Affairs, or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. ⁹⁴⁹⁵⁹⁶⁹⁷

Pathogens or toxins storage facilities are not mentioned in the Nation Health Policy 2016-2026 and the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁹⁸⁹⁹

1.3.1b Biosecurity laws on facility security for especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has legislation in place related to biosecurity which address requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cyber security of facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹⁰⁰ According to the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, South Sudan has not established specific biosecurity legislation. "Control measures for certain items and activities that may be relevant for biosafety and biosecurity are incorporated in the Drug and Food Control Authority Act of 2012, the South Sudan Labour Act of 2017, the South Sudan National Public Health Institute Act of 2023, and the Southern Sudan Research Council Act of 2007. " ¹⁰¹ None of these laws specifically pertain to biosecurity and do not cover issues such as cyber security or physical containment. ¹⁰²¹⁰³¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹⁰⁶ BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹⁰⁷ It is unclear if BBASS will also become the agency to enforce this legislature. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation that regulations pertaining to biosecurity have been established. ¹⁰⁸ BBASS currently does not have a website.

The National Public Health Institute Act, 2023, indicates that the institute with the same name will be responsible for developing, enhancing and expanding on disease surveillance. ¹⁰⁹ However, biosecurity is not mentioned in this act.

Biosecurity legislation is not mentioned on the websites of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs, the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹¹⁰¹¹¹¹¹²

In June 2021, the National Laboratory Quality Policy Manual for South Sudan was published. ¹¹³ This manual provides recommendations to safely handle samples, issues such as cyber security and failure reporting systems are not included.

1.3.1c Agency for enforcement of biosecurity laws/regulations

Score: 0

It is unclear if South Sudan has established agency responsible for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹¹⁴ According to the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, South Sudan has not established a 'National Contact Point'. Furthermore, Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) reports have not been submitted either. ¹¹⁵

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹¹⁶ BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹¹⁷ It is unclear if BBASS will also become the agency to enforce this legislature. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation that regulations pertaining to biosecurity have been established. ¹¹⁸ BBASS currently does not have a website.

The National Public Health Institute Act, 2023, indicates that the institute with the same name will be responsible for developing, enhancing and expanding on disease surveillance. ¹¹⁹ However, biosecurity is not mentioned in this act.

Biosecurity legislation and relevant agencies are not mentioned on the websites of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs, the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹²⁰¹²¹¹²²

1.3.1d Consolidation of especially dangerous pathogens into minimum # of facilities

Score: 0

There is insufficient publicly available evidence that South Sudan has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially
dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, says the biosafety and biosecurity capacities of South Sudan are generally lacking. The JEE notes that "there is no mechanism for monitoring and developing a record and inventory of pathogens within facilities that process dangerous and toxins." (p.15 & 18) ¹²³

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹²⁴ There is no evidence through the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, that South Sudan has consolidated its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens.

There is no evidence through the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of defense and Veterans Affairs, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹²⁵¹²⁶¹²⁷

1.3.1e Capacity to conduct tests for anthrax/Ebola without culturing live pathogens

Score: 0

There is incidental evidence that South Sudan has the capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic tests for anthrax, but there is no evidence that this would preclude culturing a live pathogen.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, South Sudan has already procured PCR machines. ¹²⁸ However, it is not clear whether these machines can be used for either anthrax or Ebola.

A 2022 monthly humanitarian situation report by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that PCR was used to confirm an anthrax outbreak in Gogrial West County, Warrap State. ¹²⁹ Eight of the 18 collected samples, tested positive through PCR. The monthly report does not indicate if this would preclude culturing a live pathogen. (p.4) A search of the website of the WHO shows no further evidence of the use of PCR-based diagnostic test for anthrax or ebola. ¹³⁰

PCR is not mentioned on the Ministry of Health. ¹³¹ The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website. ¹³²

1.3.2 Biosecurity training and practices

1.3.2a Biosecurity training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 0

There is some evidence that South Sudan requires biosecurity training, however it is unclear if a standardized approach is required. Furthermore, there is no evidence of biosecurity training occuring.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹³³ According to the BWC the training of personnel on biosafety and biosecurity is covered by the Labour Act of 24 October 2017. ¹³⁴¹³⁵ Article 110.c of this act states that: "[…] an employer shall be responsible for: […] provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every employee, including regular training on the requirements of safety, health and welfare policy adopted in accordance with provisions of Section 111 of this Act;". ¹³⁶ Article 111 covers risk assessments, setting measures to ensure that the employer complies with safety requirements, and making a copy of the safety, health, and welfare policy available. ¹³⁷ This act does not specifically pertain to either biosafety or biosecurity.

Staff training is also covered in the 2021 National Laboratory Quality Policy Manual for South Sudan, however it is unclear what is and is not covered in this training. (p.20) ¹³⁸

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹³⁹ BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹⁴⁰ The website of the BBASS indicates that its current activities include supporting those who get the opportunity to participate in training and certification by the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA). The BBASS does not have its own website, it is unclear if and to what extend personnel has partaken in IFBA training.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, components of biosafety training are included in the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) training programme. (p.20) ¹⁴¹ Biosecurity training is not mentioned in this capacity.

There is no further evidence available through the Ministry of Health. ¹⁴² Biosecurity training is not mentioned in the National Health Policy 2016-2026. ¹⁴³ Both biosafety and biosecurity are covered in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, however this section does not include training opportunities. (p.46) ¹⁴⁴

1.3.3 Personnel vetting: regulating access to sensitive locations

1.3.3a Personnel checks for permission to access to especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that South Sudan has regulations or licensing conditions specify that security and other personnel with access to especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential are subject to the following checks: drug testing, background checks, and psychological or mental fitness checks.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention any background checks of any kind for health workers. ¹⁴⁵ There is no mention of background checks in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 or the 2024 Health Sector Transformation Project. ¹⁴⁶¹⁴⁷ The Labour Act of 2017 also makes no mention of background checks. ¹⁴⁸ There is no evidence available through the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹⁴⁹¹⁵⁰ In 2023, South Sudan became a member state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ¹⁵¹ The BWC National Implementation Measures Database indicates that there are no background checks for personnel. ¹⁵² South Sudan has not yet submitted a Confidence Building Measures report.

1.3.4 Transportation security

1.3.4a National transport regulations for Category A and B infectious substances

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence on South Sudan's national regulations on the safe and secure transport of infectious substances (Categories A and B).

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017 states, "triple packaging for category A and B infectious substances [is] applied in transporting samples from the field to [the] National public Health laboratory". (p.20) ¹⁵³

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, addresses the need to "institute an effective system for collection, packaging and transport of biological specimens". (p.51) ¹⁵⁴ However, the action plan does not mention to what extend safe and secure transporting of infectious substances is already available. There is no further evidence available through the National Health Policy 2016-2026. ¹⁵⁵ Neither the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security address transporting infectious substances. ¹⁵⁶¹⁵⁷ There currently is no website for the Ministry of Transport.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), but has not yet submitted a Confidence Building Measures rapport. ¹⁵⁸

1.3.5 Cross-border transfer and end-user screening

1.3.5a Laws/regulations on cross-border transfer and end-user screening

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a national legislation, regulation, or other guidance in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins and pathogens with pandemic potential.

The South Sudan Imports and Export Act 2012, "implements transfer controls for certain items which could be relevant for the control of biological agents and toxins, including dangerous chemicals and wastes, weapons and ammunitions". ¹⁵⁹ Schedules one and two of the 2012 Act establish which goods are prohibited and/or restricted, including agricultural chemicals and hazardous waste. ¹⁶⁰ Toxic pathogens are not explicitly mentioned. The 2012 Act does not require end-user certification in case of cross-border exports. ¹⁶¹ Transfers among licenses entities only are also not mentioned.

There is no further evidence on cross-border transfers of dangerous pathogens on the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹⁶²¹⁶³

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention any policy regarding cross-border transfer of dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential. The JEE notes that South Sudan is need of developing cross-border agreements with neighboring countries. (p.8) ¹⁶⁴

The website of the East African Community indicates that South Sudan has cross-border agreements with neighboring countries, but these do not cover dangerous pathogens. ¹⁶⁵

1.4 Biosafety

1.4.1 Whole-of-government biosafety systems

1.4.1a Biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has national biosafety legislation or regulations in place.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹⁶⁶ According to the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, South Sudan has not established specific biosafety legislation. "Control measures for certain items and activities that may be relevant for biosafety and biosecurity are incorporated in the Drug and Food Control Authority Act of 2012, the South Sudan Labour Act of 2017, the South Sudan National Public Health Institute Act of 2023, and the Southern Sudan Research Council Act of 2007. " ¹⁶⁷ None of these laws specifically pertain to biosafety. ¹⁶⁸¹⁶⁹¹⁷⁰¹⁷¹

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹⁷² BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹⁷³ It is unclear if BBASS will also become the agency to enforce this legislature. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation that regulations pertaining to biosafety have been established. ¹⁷⁴ BBASS currently does not have a website.

The National Public Health Institute Act, 2023, indicates that the institute with the same name will be responsible for developing, enhancing and expanding on disease surveillance. ¹⁷⁵ However, biosafety is not mentioned in this act.

Biosafety legislation and relevant agencies are not mentioned on the websites of the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs, the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ¹⁷⁶¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, says the biosafety and biosecurity capacities of South Sudan are lacking and a legislative and regulatory framework still has to be developed. (p.19) ¹⁷⁹

1.4.1b Agency for enforcement of biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

It is unclear if South Sudan has established agency responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹⁸⁰ According to the BWC National Implementation Measures Database, South Sudan has not established a 'National Contact Point'. Furthermore, Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) reports have not been submitted either. ¹⁸¹

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹⁸² BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹⁸³ It is unclear if BBASS will also become the agency to enforce this legislature. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation that regulations pertaining to biosafety have been established. ¹⁸⁴ BBASS currently does not have a website.

The National Public Health Institute Act, 2023, indicates that the institute with the same name will be responsible for developing, enhancing and expanding on disease surveillance. ¹⁸⁵ However, biosafety is not mentioned in this act.

1.4.2 Biosafety training and practices

1.4.2a Biosafety training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

There is some evidence that South Sudan provides biosafety training on an ad hoc basis.

South Sudan is a member-state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) since February 2023. ¹⁹⁰ According to the BWC the training of personnel on biosafety and biosecurity is covered by the Labour Act of 24 October 2017. ¹⁹¹¹⁹² Article 110.c of this act states that: "[…] an employer shall be responsible for: […] provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every employee, including regular training on the requirements of safety, health and welfare policy adopted in accordance with provisions of Section 111 of this Act;". ¹⁹³ Article 111 covers risk assessments, setting measures to ensure that the employer complies with safety requirements, and making a copy of the safety, health, and welfare policy available. ¹⁹⁴ This act does not specifically pertain to either biosafety or biosecurity.

Staff training is also covered in the National Laboratory Quality Policy Manual for South Sudan, however it is unclear what is and is not covered in this training. (p.20) ¹⁹⁵

In 2021, the Biosafety and Biosecurity Association of South Sudan (BBASS) was established. ¹⁹⁶ BBASS aims to "develop a biosafety and biosecurity legal framework for South Sudan". ¹⁹⁷ The website of the BBASS indicates that its current activities include supporting those who get the opportunity to participate in training and certification by the International Federation of Biosafety Associations (IFBA). The BBASS does not have its own website, it is unclear if and to what extend personnel has partaken in IFBA training.

There is no further evidence available through the Ministry of Health. ¹⁹⁹ Biosafety training is not mentioned in the National Health Policy 2016-2026. ²⁰⁰ Both biosafety and biosecurity are covered in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, however this section does not include training opportunities. (p.46) ²⁰¹

1.5 Dual-use research and culture of responsible science

1.5.1 Oversight of dual-use research

1.5.1a Evidence of national assessment of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is insufficient publicly available evidence that South Sudan has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential, and/or other dual use research.

Since 2023, South Sudan is a member state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ²⁰² The BWC National Implementation Measures Database indicates that there are no guidelines on dual use research for life scientists and that there is no institutional review of any dual-use research. ²⁰³ Article 7e of the Southern Sudan Research Council Act of 2007 does require the evaluation and validation of research activities. ²⁰⁴ Article 7c demands "set standards, priorities, regulations and protocols for research". It is unclear how this is applied to dual use research. South Sudan has not submitted a Confidence Building Measures report. ²⁰⁵

There is no evidence in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, that assessments regarding dangerous pathogens and dual use research have taken place. ²⁰⁶

There is no evidence available via the website of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ²⁰⁷²⁰⁸²⁰⁹

1.5.1b National law/regulation on oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a national policy requiring oversight of dual use research, such as research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and/or pathogens with pandemic potential.

Since 2023, South Sudan is a member state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ²¹⁰ The BWC National Implementation Measures Database indicates that there are no guidelines on dual use research for life scientists and that there is no institutional review of any dual-use research. ²¹¹ Article 7e of the Southern Sudan Research Council Act of 2007 does require the evaluation and validation of research activities. ²¹² Article 7c demands "set standards, priorities, regulations and protocols for research". It is unclear how this is applied to dual use research. South Sudan has not submitted a Confidence Building Measures report. ²¹³

There is no evidence in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, that requires legislations or regulations regarding oversight of research. ²¹⁴

1.5.1c Existence of agency responsible for oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence indicating if there is an agency responsible for oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, pathogens with pandemic potential, and/or other dual use research.

Since 2023, South Sudan is a member state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ²¹⁸ The BWC National Implementation Measures Database indicates that there are no guidelines on dual use research for life scientists and that there is no institutional review of any dual-use research. ²¹⁹ Article 7e of the Southern Sudan Research Council Act of 2007 does require the evaluation and validation of research activities. ²²⁰ Article 7c demands "set standards, priorities, regulations and protocols for research". Article 15b establishes the Science and Technology Research Committee as a specialized committee. The Science and Technology Research Committee does not have a website. South Sudan has not submitted a Confidence Building Measures report. ²²¹

There is no evidence in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, that an agency exists. ²²²

There is no evidence available via the website of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ²²³²²⁴²²⁵

1.5.2 Screening requirements for providers of genetic material

1.5.2a Requirement to screen synthesised DNA against list prior to sale

Score: 0

There is no public evidence that South Sudan has a national legislation, regulation, policy, or other guidance, requiring the screening of synthesized Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) before it is sold.

Since 2023, South Sudan is a member state to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). ²²⁶ The BWC National Implementation Measures Database provides no evidence that South Sudan has legislation on the screening of synthesized DNA. South Sudan has not yet submitted a Confidence Building Measures report.

There is no evidence available through the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017. ²²⁷

There is no evidence available via the Ministry of Health, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ²²⁸²²⁹²³⁰ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation provides a list of the laws of South Sudan. ²³¹ None of these pertain to synthesized DNA, biosecurity or biosafety. ²³²

1.6 Immunization

1.6.1 Vaccination rates

1.6.1a Immunization rate for humans (measles/MCV2)

Score: 0

1.6.1b Availability of vaccination figures for livestock (FMD) through OIE database

Score: 0

There is no evidence that official foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination figures for livestock in South Sudan is publicly available through the OIE database.

The OIE database show vaccination figures for several infectious diseases such as rabies, anthrax and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. ²³³ However, FMD is not mentioned in regards to official vaccination data. FMD is mentioned in regards to control measures, in which case general surveillance, screening, and precautions at the borders are mentioned. Relevant data was acquired between 2014 and 2018.

1.6.1c Equitablenature of national immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has a national immunization plan.

In November 2018, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan published the National Expanded Programme on Immunization Multi-Year Plan 2018-2022. The Plan aims to "provide children and women of reproductive age with safe vaccines, by improving and expanding delivery points for immunization to reach every community". (p.20) ²³⁴ While the plan states that it strives to distributes resources equitable, it does not indicate how the South Sudanese government will do that. The Plan does not include information regarding cultural/linguistic differences or gender barriers. There is no evidence through the Ministry of Health that the Plan has been updated. ²³⁵

A 2025 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, indicates that immunization coverage is still low. (p.1) ²³⁶ "A total of 66 out of 80 counties (83%) report between 8,551 and 50 zero-dose children" (p.2) Meaning, that these children remain unvaccinated. ²³⁷

In a 2025 joint press release by the WHO, the Ministry of Health, and Unicef, it was said that "the country's national immunization programme has progressively introduced live-saving vaccines, expanding coverage with life saving vaccines". (p.1) ²³⁸ This year new vaccines against pneumonia, measles, and diarrhoea have been introduced.

There is no further evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ²³⁹

1.6.1d Vaccine hesitancy and build public trust coverage in vaccines in national immunization strategy/plans

Score: 0

There is evidence that South Sudan has a national immunization plan, but it does not include vaccine hesitancy.

In November 2018, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan published the National Expanded Programme on Immunization Multi-Year Plan 2018-2022. The Plan aims to "provide children and women of reproductive age with safe vaccines, by improving and expanding delivery points for immunization to reach every community". (p.20) ²⁴⁰ Vaccine hesitancy or trust building measures are not included. There is no evidence through the Ministry of Health that the Plan has been updated. ²⁴¹

A 2025 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, indicates that immunization coverage is still low. (p.1) ²⁴² "A total of 66 out of 80 counties (83%) report between 8,551 and 50 zero-dose children" (p.2) Meaning, that these children remain unvaccinated. ²⁴³ The report does not cover trust building measures

In a 2025 joint press release by the WHO, the Ministry of Health, and Unicef, it was said that "the country's national immunization programme has progressively introduced live-saving vaccines, expanding coverage with life saving vaccines". (p.1) ²⁴⁴ This year new vaccines against pneumonia, measles, and diarrhoea have been introduced. Again vaccine hesitancy is not covered

There is no further evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ²⁴⁵

1.6.1e National advisory group for immunization strategy/plan

Score: 0

There is some evidence that South Sudan has a national advisory group that provides technical guidance and advice on the immunization strategy.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) South Sudan has a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG), which meets several times per year. ²⁴⁶

The NITAG is not mentioned on the website of the Ministry of Health or in national programme's, hence it is unclear what they have given advice on. ²⁴⁷²⁴⁸²⁴⁹

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, the country works with organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Global Vaccine Alliance (Gavi), in regards to its immunization plan. (p.21) ²⁵¹ However, there is no evidence that there is a national advisory group.

There is no further evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ²⁵²

1.6.1f Presence of an immunization programme for influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a immunization programme for influenza.

In November 2018, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan published the National Expanded Programme on Immunization Multi-Year Plan 2018-2022. The Plan briefly mentions influenza, but does not expand on how the country will deal with immunization for influenza. (p.9) ²⁵³ There is no evidence through the Ministry of Health that the Plan has been updated. ²⁵⁴

Weekly integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR) epidemiological bulletins by the Ministry of Health, may provide some information on influenza. For example, the bulletin from 5 to 11 February 2025, indicated that there were four designated influenza surveillance sites. (p.3) ²⁵⁵

There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health or in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, that there is a immunization programme for influenza.²⁵⁶²⁵⁷

1.7 Climate change adaptation and vector transmission

1.7.1 Health system resilience

1.7.1a Strategy/plan for resilience of health system

Score: 50

There is some evidence that South Sudan has a plan to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges that climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns pose. However, infectious diseases are not specifically mentioned.

In 2021 the Ministry of Environment and Forestry published the 'First National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change – Republic of South Sudan'. ²⁵⁸ The Adaptation Plan mostly focuses on climate change and climate adaptation, but acknowledges health as a priority that needs to be addressed in relation to this. (p.101-103) ²⁵⁹ The Plan sets four objectives: "Improve health sector capacities to address climate change related to health threats; establish early warning capabilities for climate change related health threats; improve public awareness of health threats and adaptive capacity to address threats; establish partnerships to address health threats from climate change". (p.101-103) The Adaptation Plan runs between 2021 and 2025. There has been no update on the actions that have or have not been taken.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, a "National Adaptation Programmes of Action to climate change is being introduced". (p. 47) ²⁶⁰ There is no further information available through the JEE.

Climate change is not covered in the National Health Policy 2016-2026, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ²⁶¹²⁶²

There is no website for the Ministry of Environment of Forestry. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health. ²⁶³

Early Detection

2.1 Laboratory systems strength and quality

2.1.1 Lab capacity for detecting priority diseases

2.1.1a Capacity of national lab system to conduct 5 or more WHO core tests

Score: 50

There is evidence that the national laboratory system in South Sudan has the capacity to conduct diagnostic tests for at least 5 of the 10 World Health Organization (WHO) defined core tests, but there is no publicly available evidence regarding the specific tests.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) in Juba "can perform tests for five out of 10 core tests, including HIV, TB, malaria, measles and cholera. However, only rapid diagnostic tests for HIV and malaria are available at peripheral facilities and all other testing must be referred to national or international level." (p.50)²⁶⁴ Testing for International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) priority diseases must be done at the NPHL, transporting takes place on an ad hoc basis using NGO vehicles, boda boda (local motorized public transport system), and United Nations Humanitarian Air Service flights. (p.50)²⁶⁵

Further evidence regarding specific tests were not found through the website of the Ministry of Health. ²⁶⁶ The NPHL does not have a website.

2.1.1b Plan to conduct testing during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a national plan, strategy or similar document for conducting testing during a public health emergency, which includes considerations for testing for novel pathogens, scaling capacity, and defining goals for testing.

Testing during public health emergencies is not mentioned on the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ²⁶⁷²⁶⁸ The National Public Health Institute does not currently have a website.

Similarly, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, and the Joint External Evaluation IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, make no mention of testing during emergencies. ²⁶⁹²⁷⁰²⁷¹

2.1.2 Laboratory quality systems

2.1.2a Existence of an accredited national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan's national reference laboratory is accredited.

The website of the the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) indicates that: "CDC and partners provided intensive training and mentorship that helped South Sudan’s HIV reference laboratory become the first and only laboratory in South Sudan to receive ISO 15189:2012 accreditation."²⁷² The HIV reference laboratory is part of the National Public Health Laboratory, which does not have an active website. ²⁷³

There are currently no other accredited national reference laboratories, however the Ministry of Health has published a National Laboratory Quality Policy Manual for South Sudan. ²⁷⁴ This 2021 quality policy manual is based on the ISO:15189 and should enable laboratories to strive for accreditation.

2.1.2b External quality assurance of a national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has a national laboratory that serves as a reference facility which is subject to external quality assurance review.

The HIV reference laboratory that is part of the National Public Health Laboratory is the only laboratory that is ISO:15189 accredited. ²⁷⁵²⁷⁶ The National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) currently does not have an active website.

The Ministry of Health has published a National Laboratory Quality Policy Manual for South Sudan. ²⁷⁷ The quality policy manual states that "the laboratory shall frequently assess the effectiveness of its quality management system" through both internal and external quality control. However, there is no evidence external quality assurance takes place at the NPHL. (p.6) ²⁷⁸ There is no further evidence available on the website of the Ministry of Health. ²⁷⁹

2.2 Laboratory supply chains

2.2.1 Specimen referral and transport system

2.2.1a Nationwide specimen transport system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a nationwide specimen transport system.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, sample transport mostly occurs on an ad hoc basis, using United Nations Humanitarian Air Service flights, NGO vehicles, and boda boda (a public transport system using motorcycles) as available. (p.50) ²⁸⁰ The NAPHS strives to improve its entire national laboratory system through a set of objectives, which includes activities to "institute an effective system for collection, packaging and transport of biological specimens". (p.51-52) ²⁸¹ Agreements with courier companies, guidelines, and procurement courier services for national and international shipment are included as measures to improve the nationwide specimen transport system.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, states that "a draft policy for specimen transportation has been developed." (p.24) ²⁸² There is no publicly available evidence that this draft has been implemented.

There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health that any of these activities have been implemented. ²⁸³ There is no website for the Ministry of Transport and Roads.

2.2.2 Laboratory cooperation and coordination

2.2.2a Plan to rapidly authorize/license laboratories to scale-up testing during an outbreak

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak.

No evidence is found under the Ministry of Health. ²⁸⁴ The National Public Health Laboratory does not have a website, hence no further information on the matter could be gathered.

There is no evidence in the National Health Policy 2016-2026, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, or in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017. ²⁸⁵²⁸⁶²⁸⁷

According to the website of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC partnered with the Ministry of Health to "decentralize and expand existing laboratory infrastructure for COVID-19 testing. This support resulted in a rapid scale-up in COVID-19 testing that led to identifying thousands of cases and contributed to effective case management. CDC". ²⁸⁸ There is no further information available regarding the up scaling of testing capacities of licenses laboratories.

2.3 Real-time surveillance and reporting

2.3.1 Indicator and event-based surveillance and reporting systems

2.3.1a Evidence of ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis

Score: 50

There is evidence that South Sudan conducts event-based and indicator-based surveillance, but there is no evidence that the data are being analyzed on a daily basis.

As described in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, South Sudan has both Indicator Based Surveillance (IBS) and EBS systems through the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy, which conducts surveillance on 26 priority diseases. The IBS reporting is done weekly on 14 epidemic-prone diseases. Currently the EBS system is regularly collecting data, but only through the formal reporting system and the JEE recommends expansion to include informal reporting channels. (p.26) ²⁸⁹

Data on EBS and IBS are published through 'Weekly Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) Epidemiological Bulletins' by the Ministry of Health. ²⁹⁰²⁹¹ For example, the Epidemiological Bulletin for 8 to 14 January 2024, indicated that "indicator-based surveillance is implemented in South Sudan through the EWARS platform according to the IDSR 3rd guidelines where approximately 59 priority diseases and public health events are monitored and reported from health facilities across the country on regular basis." (p.3) ²⁹² EBS was also covered in the same Epidemiological Bulletin, in week 3 of 2024, three alerts were received through the community. (p.5) ²⁹³ There is no evidence in these weekly bulletins that data is analyzed on a daily basis.

There is no further evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health, or in the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ²⁹⁴²⁹⁵²⁹⁶

2.3.1b Evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline

Score: 100

While there is evidence that South Sudan reports notifiable diseases to the WHO, there are no mentions of this happening within a set timeline. ²⁹⁷²⁹⁸

In February 2025, South Sudan declared a mpox outbreak in Juba, Central Equatoria State. ²⁹⁹ After the declaration "a team of experts from national and subnational levels, WHO [World Health Organization], and other partners have been mobilized to conduct a detailed field investigation, list all contacts, and ensure close follow-up". ³⁰⁰

In September 2024, South Sudan also declared a cholera outbreak. ³⁰¹ In this case the Ministry of Health was already in communication with the WHO in preparation for the outbreak. At the time there was an ongoing cholera outbreak in Sudan as well as widespread flooding affecting South Sudan, which caused an influx of refugees and returnees making the spreading of cholera across the border more than likely. The WHO and the Ministry of Health continue to post cholera outbreak situation reports in 2025. ³⁰²

2.3.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting systems

2.3.2a Electronic national and sub-national reporting surveillance system

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan operates an electronic reporting surveillance system, both at the national and sub-national level.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, South Sudan uses two reporting systems the District Health Information Software (DHIS) 1.4 and the Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS). There are paper and electronic reporting forms for surveillance, outbreak, and laboratory information. (p.26) ³⁰³

Furthermore, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 indicates that the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) has been implemented and epidemiological weekly bulletins are publicly shared. (p.56) ³⁰⁴

South Sudan has also implemented the Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) in a box by the World Health Organization. ³⁰⁵³⁰⁶ "EWARS in a box supports real-time mobile reporting on epidemic-prone diseases from the most difficult and remote field settings, with or without reliable internet or electricity. EWARS reporting sites can range from primary health care facilities in emergency-affected or besieged areas, camp clinics, mobile clinics, field laboratories to the community." ³⁰⁷ As of 2022, EWARS is used to report all alerts of suspected outbreaks, such as measles, cholera, and hepatitis E virus. ³⁰⁸ Lack of electricity and unreliable internet connection have been recognized as challenges to fully and effectively use EWARS.

The websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security do not a mention electronic reporting surveillance system. ³⁰⁹³¹⁰

2.3.2b Collection of ongoing/real-time lab data by electronic surveillance system

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that the electronic reporting surveillance system in South Sudan collects ongoing or real-time laboratory data.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) has been implemented and epidemiological weekly bulletins are publicly shared. ³¹¹³¹² "The country has identified 26 priority diseases for surveillance purposes, where IBS [Indicator Based Surveillance] and EBS [Event Based Surveillance] systems are functional and coordinated under the IDSR strategy. Syndromic surveillance is also conducted, under IDSR for several diseases and conditions including Acute Flaccid Paralysis, Acute Respiratory Illness, VHF, Acute Jaundice Syndrome, Acute Bloody Diarrhea, Acute Watery Diarrhea." (p.56) ³¹³ One of the main objectives of the NAPHS is to integrate and sustain a human and animal health real-time surveillance system.

South Sudan has also implemented the Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) in a box by the World Health Organization. ³¹⁴³¹⁵ "EWARS in a box supports real-time mobile reporting on epidemic-prone diseases from the most difficult and remote field settings, with or without reliable internet or electricity. EWARS reporting sites can range from primary health care facilities in emergency-affected or besieged areas, camp clinics, mobile clinics, field laboratories to the community." ³¹⁶ As of 2022, EWARS is used to report all alerts of suspected outbreaks, such as measles, cholera, and hepatitis E virus. ³¹⁷ Lack of electricity and unreliable internet connection have been recognized as challenges to fully and effectively use EWARS.

The websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security do not mention real-time surveillance. ³¹⁸³¹⁹

2.3.3 Wastewater surveillance

2.3.3a National wastewater surveillance programme or initiative

Score: 50

There is evidence of some wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) activity within the country. The WHO and GPEI Q4 2025 Polio ES Bulletin lists the country as having 7 ES sites as of Q4 in 2025, although it is unclear whether these are at the national level and are ongoing.³²⁰

Following laboratory confirmation of an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in South Sudan, the WHO provided the Ministry of Health with electronic information transmission and data warehousing servers using the Open Data Kit for instantaneous transmission of surveillance data, contact sampling of healthy children, environmental surveillance (ES), and the AVADAR community-based surveillance for paralyzed children. However, it is unclear whether this has led to a national, ongoing ES programme.³²¹

2.4 Surveillance data accessibility and transparency

2.4.1 Coverage and use of electronic health records

2.4.1a Common usage of electronic health records

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that electronic health records are used in South Sudan.

According to a report by the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization, "South Sudan has implemented the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS 2) at both the national and sub-national/district levels, enabling better data management and reporting capabilities. However, the integration of health program data into DHIS 2 is in progress indicating a gap in system unification and data interoperability. The percentage of health facilities with comprehensive facility-wide electronic systems is recorded at 22,4%, reflecting a low adoption rate of digital systems at the facility level". ³²² Deaths are currently not recorded in the digital health system, but population denominator data (67%) and data analysis (63%) seem to function relatively well. ³²³ While South Sudan has worked to improve on its health information system, there is no evidence that electronic health records are used. ³²⁴

Electronic health records are not mentioned in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, or on the website of the Ministry of Health. ³²⁵³²⁶³²⁷ The National Public Health Institute does not have a website.

2.4.1b Public health system access to individual electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan's national public health system have access to electronic health records of individuals in their country.

Electronic health records are not mentioned in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, or on the website of the Ministry of Health. ³²⁹³³⁰³³¹ The National Public Health Institute does not have a website.

2.4.1c Existence of data standards for health record data comparability

Score: 0

There is no evidence that there are data standards to ensure data is comparable in South Sudan.

Electronic health records are not mentioned in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, or on the website of the Ministry of Health. ³³³³³⁴³³⁵ The National Public Health Institute does not have a website.

2.4.2 Data integration between human, animal and environmental health sectors

2.4.2a Data sharing mechanisms

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has established mechanisms at the relevant ministries responsible for animal, human, and wildlife surveillance to share data.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, notes a lack of information sharing across sectors generally. The JEE also notes there are both an World Organisation for Animal health (OIE) delegate and a national IHR focal point in the Ministry of Livestock, Animal Resources and Fisheries and Ministry of Health respectively, but does not elaborate on the collaboration between them generally or regarding data sharing. (p.29) ³³⁶

Data sharing is not mentioned in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, or on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ³³⁷³³⁸³³⁹ The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries does not have a website.

2.4.3 Transparency of surveillance data

2.4.3a Availability of de-identified health surveillance data on disease outbreaks

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan makes de-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases publicly available via reports.

The Ministry of Health with technical support from the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes a weekly Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) Epidemiological Bulletin on the website of the WHO. ³⁴⁰ The last bulletin is from May 19th to 25th 2025. ³⁴¹ The bulletin states that 262 Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) alerts were triggered, with the main alerts being for cholera (22%) and malaria (16%). EWARS alerts are separated by state. Furthermore, a new case of Mpox was reported in Juba, and Médecins Sans Frontières reported eight cases op Hepatitis E Virus.

The bulletin cannot be accessed through the website of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ³⁴²³⁴³

2.4.4 Ethical considerations during surveillance

2.4.4a Confidentiality legislation/regulations for identifiable health information

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has laws, regulations, or guidelines that safeguard the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities.

Article 22 of the constitution governs the right to privacy, stating: "The privacy of all persons shall be inviolable; no person shall be subjected to interference with his or her private life, family, home or correspondence, save in accordance with the law". ³⁴⁴ There are no individual articles or regulations that govern data protection. ³⁴⁵

Laws regarding the safeguarding of confidentiality of identifiable health information are not mentioned of the website of the Ministry of Health, in the National Health Policy 2016-2026, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, or the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017. ³⁴⁶³⁴⁷³⁴⁸³⁴⁹ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation provides a list of laws on its website, there is no evidence that any of these cover confidentiality regarding health information. ³⁵⁰

2.4.4b Inclusion of cyber protections in health data confidentiality law/regulation

Score: 0

Article 22 of the constitution governs the right to privacy, stating: "The privacy of all persons shall be inviolable; no person shall be subjected to interference with his or her private life, family, home or correspondence, save in accordance with the law". ³⁵¹ There are no individual articles or regulations that govern protections from cyber attacks. ³⁵²

Laws regarding the safeguarding of confidentiality of identifiable health information, including protections from cyber attacks, are not mentioned of the website of the Ministry of Health, in the National Health Policy 2016-2026, and the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, or the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017. ³⁵³³⁵⁴³⁵⁵³⁵⁶ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation provides a list of laws on its website, there is no evidence that any of these cover confidentiality regarding health information. ³⁵⁷

2.4.5 International data sharing

2.4.5a Cooperative commitments or agreements within regions

Score: 0

There is evidence that the government of South Sudan has made a commitment via public statements, legislation, or a cooperative agreement to share surveillance data during public health emergencies for one or more diseases, although these are not specific data sharing mechanisms with other countries.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 includes targets regarding the timely and accurate reporting of disease and surveillance data. ³⁵⁸ However, the government of South Sudan acknowledges that more people should be trained to report disease outbreaks, as there currently is no mechanism in place for the sharing of information. When data is shared it is done either through the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) or the Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) by the World Health Organization (WHO). (p.56) ³⁵⁹

ISDR has been implemented and epidemiological weekly bulletins are publicly shared. ³⁶⁰³⁶¹ "The country has identified 26 priority diseases for surveillance purposes, where IBS [Indicator Based Surveillance] and EBS [Event Based Surveillance] systems are functional and coordinated under the IDSR strategy. Syndromic surveillance is also conducted, under IDSR for several diseases and conditions including Acute Flaccid Paralysis, Acute Respiratory Illness, VHF, Acute Jaundice Syndrome, Acute Bloody Diarrhea, Acute Watery Diarrhea." (p.56)³⁶²

South Sudan was the first user of EWARS in a box. ³⁶³³⁶⁴ "EWARS in a box supports real-time mobile reporting on epidemic-prone diseases from the most difficult and remote field settings, with or without reliable internet or electricity. EWARS reporting sites can range from primary health care facilities in emergency-affected or besieged areas, camp clinics, mobile clinics, field laboratories to the community." ³⁶⁵ As of 2022, EWARS is used to report all alerts of suspected outbreaks, such as measles, cholera, and hepatitis E virus. ³⁶⁶ Lack of electricity and unreliable internet connection have been recognized as challenges to fully and effectively use EWARS.

Finally, South Sudan has also made a commitment through the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) to share surveillance data during a public health emergency with 11 other African countries for mpox. ³⁶⁷

2.5 Case-based investigation

2.5.1 Case investigation and contact tracing

2.5.1a National support to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency

Score: 50

There is evidence of a national system in place to provide support at the sub-national level (e.g. training, metrics standardization and/or financial resources) to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency, but only in response to active public health emergencies.

In light of the Covid-19 pandemic, contact tracing has been given importance and standard operating procedures and contact tracing training guidelines have been published by the Ministry of Health to provide guidance on procedures for contact tracing and listing, roles of team members, guidelines for supervisors and members, database management at the subnational level. ³⁶⁸³⁶⁹ There is no evidence that these documents have been updated or that they have been used for other diseases. The website of the Ministry of Health does not mention contact tracing in regards to any other diseases. ³⁷⁰

There is no evidence available via the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017. ³⁷¹

2.5.1b Provision of wraparound services to enable self-isolation/quarantine as recommended

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan provides wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate or quarantine as recommended, particularly economic support (paycheck, job security) and medical attention.

No evidence is found under the Ministry of Health website.³⁷² The National Public Health Institute currently does not have an active website. Wraparound services are also not mentioned in the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017. ³⁷³³⁷⁴³⁷⁵

2.5.2 Point of entry management

2.5.2a Strategy for tracing and quarantining international travelers

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a joint plan or cooperative agreement between the public health system and border control authorities to identify suspected and potential cases in international travelers and trace and quarantine their contacts in the event of an active or for a future public health emergency.

No evidence is found under the Ministry of Health. ³⁷⁶ The Ministry of Interior & Immigration Services does not have a website.

In 2024, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) facilitated a three-days training on 'Health, Border and Mobility Management (HBMM)'. ³⁷⁷ The training "focused on equipping participants with the necessary skills and knowledge to prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats along the mobility continuum. The program covered a wide range of topics, including communicable disease preparedness, response and recovery, and the implementation of the Health, Border and Mobility Management (BMM) Framework." ³⁷⁸ Participants included employees from the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Interior and Immigration Services.

2.6 Epidemiology workforce

2.6.1 Existence of applied epidemiology training program such FETP and FETPV

2.6.1a Access to field epidemiology training program in country and/or abroad

Score: 100

There is evidence available that an applied epidemiology training program is available in South Sudan, however there is no evidence that the government provides resources to send citizens to another country to participate in applied epidemiology programs.

In 2021 a Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) was launched in South Sudan. These trainings are made possible by the Ministry of Health, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) and the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET). ³⁷⁹ According to AFENET, there are 74 Frontline FETP graduates. The US CDC mentions both frontline and intermediate FETP courses, and count 144 graduates in total. ³⁸⁰ "Participants to develop critical skills in data collection, analysis, and translation of data into evidence-based recommendation. Graduates of South Sudan's FETP-Frontline have led a series of investigations, responding to anthrax, hepatitis E, malaria, measles, meningitis, and acute watery diarrhea disease outbreaks in the country." ³⁸¹

The Medical Training and Professional Development page of the Ministry of Health mentions postgraduate studies abroad, however FETP or similar programs are not included. ³⁸² No further evidence can be found of the website of the Ministry of Health. ³⁸³

2.6.1b Existence of field epidemiology training for animal health professionals

Score: 100

There is evidence of field epidemiology training programs for South Sudanese professionals that are explicitly inclusive of animal health professionals or that there is a specific animal health field epidemiology training program offered.

In 2024, "the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in collaboration with the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, launched the first ISAVET [In Service Applied Veterinary Epidemiology Training] program in South Sudan attended by key stakeholders." ³⁸⁴

The aim of ISAVET is to improve capacities regarding detection, reporting, and responding to zoonotic diseases and transboundary animal diseases. It is unclear how many people have graduated from the programme. ³⁸⁵

2.6.2 Epidemiology workforce capacity

2.6.2a Evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people

Score: 100

There is public evidence that South Sudan has at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people.

According to the World Bank South Sudan has 11,48 million inhabitants in 2023. ³⁸⁶ Depending on the source, either the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) or United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), South Sudan has respectively 74 or 144 trained field epidemiologist. ³⁸⁷³⁸⁸ The difference in quantity may be explained by the US CDC including both frontline and intermediate graduates, while AFENET solely mentions frontline graduates. Meaning that around 1,3 trained field epidemiologist are available per 200,000 people, based on AFENET numbers. ³⁸⁹ Based on US CDC numbers, 2,51 trained field epidemiologist are available per 200,000. ³⁹⁰

Rapid Response

3.1 Emergency preparedness and response planning

3.1.1 National public health emergency preparedness and response plan

3.1.1a National emergency response plan for diseases with pandemic potential

Score: 33.33

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential although there is evidence of disease-specific plans. However, there are disease-specific plans in place.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "an all hazard national emergency preparedness and response plan is yet to be developed; however, some specific response plants have been developed (i.e. Ebola Virus Disease, malaria, measles, cholera, hepatitis E and meningitis)." (p.33) ³⁹¹ South Sudan has a plan to create a directory of rapid response teams (RRTs), but this has not been carried out. Emergency preparedness and response activities and materials are typically driven by partners or donors. (p.33) ³⁹²

In line with the JEE recommendations, South Sudan launched its National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, in December 2020. ³⁹³ The NAPHS will be implemented between 2020 and 2024 to accelerate progress towards attaining and maintaining IHR core capacities and institutionalizing the One Health and all hazards approaches to protect the country and the world from the impacts of public health emergencies. (p.4) ³⁹⁴ The World Health Organization (WHO) is hopeful that "the NAPHS allows the opportunity to build multi sectoral capacities to comprehensively respond to outbreaks".³⁹⁵ However, there is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the NAPHS has been updated since.

There are several disease-specific plans in place, such as the 2017 Cholera Prevention and Response Plan and the National Malaria Strategic Plan 2020-2025. ³⁹⁶³⁹⁷ While the National Malaria Strategic Plan is not publicly available, its objectives are mentioned in the South Sudan Medical Journal. ³⁹⁸ For example, by 2025 80% of health facilities should routinely report on core malaria indicators. (p.174) ³⁹⁹

In 2023, the WHO reported that South Sudan has formalized a One Health coordination mechanism, in order to diminish the risk of (future) zoonotic diseases. ⁴⁰⁰ However, there is no evidence that any information on this mechanism has been published, on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁴⁰¹

No further details were found through the Ministry of Health website. ⁴⁰²

3.1.1b National public health emergency response plan published in past 3 years

Score: 0

South Sudan does not have an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "an all hazard national emergency preparedness and response plan is yet to be developed; however, some specific response plants have been developed (i.e. Ebola Virus Disease, malaria, measles, cholera, hepatitis E and meningitis)." (p.33) ⁴⁰³ South Sudan has a plan to create a directory of rapid response teams (RRTs), but this has not been carried out. Emergency preparedness and response activities and materials are typically driven by partners or donors. (p.33) ⁴⁰⁴

In line with the JEE recommendations, South Sudan launched its National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, in December 2020. ⁴⁰⁵ The NAPHS will be implemented over the coming five years (2020-2024) to accelerate progress towards attaining and maintaining IHR core capacities and institutionalizing the One Health and all hazards approaches to protect the country and the world from the impacts of public health emergencies. (p.4) ⁴⁰⁶The World Health Organization (WHO) is hopeful that "the NAPHS allows the opportunity to build multi sectoral capacities to comprehensively respond to outbreaks".⁴⁰⁷ However, there is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the NAPHS has been updated since.

In 2023, the WHO reported that South Sudan has formalized a One Health coordination mechanism, in order to diminish the risk of (future) zoonotic diseases. ⁴⁰⁸ However, there is no evidence that any information on this mechanism has been published, on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁴⁰⁹

No further details were found through the Ministry of Health website. ⁴¹⁰

3.1.1c One health principles by covering multiple threat types

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place that covers multiple threat types, e.g. antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents or deliberate acts.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "an all hazard national emergency preparedness and response plan is yet to be developed; however, some specific response plants have been developed (i.e. Ebola Virus Disease, malaria, measles, cholera, hepatitis E and meningitis)." (p.33) ⁴¹¹ South Sudan has a plan to create a directory of rapid response teams (RRTs), but this has not been carried out. Emergency preparedness and response activities and materials are typically driven by partners or donors. (p.33) ⁴¹² In line with the JEE recommendations, South Sudan launched its National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, in December 2020. ⁴¹³ There is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic potential.

More recently, the United Nations (UN) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the WHO, and UN International Organization for Migration (IOM) have all published reports on emergency of crisis responses in South Sudan, respectively: South Sudan Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (2024), WHO's Health Emergency Appeal 2025 – South Sudan (2025), and South Sudan Crisis Response Plan 2023-2025. ⁴¹⁴⁴¹⁵⁴¹⁶ It is unclear to what extend, if at all, the Republic of South Sudan was involved in the writing of these reports. The Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management did write the foreword of the OCHA report. All of these reports include information on diseases and epidemics, however non cover multiple threat types. ⁴¹⁷⁴¹⁸⁴¹⁹

3.1.1d Vulnerable populations in national public health emergency response plan

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place that considers the impact of health equity or the needs of vulnerable populations.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "an all hazard national emergency preparedness and response plan is yet to be developed; however, some specific response plants have been developed (i.e. Ebola Virus Disease, malaria, measles, cholera, hepatitis E and meningitis.)" (p.33) ⁴²⁰ South Sudan has a plan to create a directory of rapid response teams (RRTs), but this has not been carried out. Emergency preparedness and response activities and materials are typically driven by partners or donors. (p33)⁴²¹ In line with the JEE recommendations, South Sudan launched its National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, in December 2020. ⁴²² There is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic potential.

More recently, the United Nations (UN) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the WHO, and UN International Organization for Migration (IOM) have all published reports on emergency of crisis responses in South Sudan, respectively: South Sudan Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan (2024), WHO's Health Emergency Appeal 2025 – South Sudan (2025), and South Sudan Crisis Response Plan 2023-2025. ⁴²³⁴²⁴⁴²⁵ It is unclear to what extend, if at all, the Republic of South Sudan was involved in the writing of these reports. The Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management did write the foreword of the OCHA report. ⁴²⁶⁴²⁷⁴²⁸ The IOM report does consider migration and population mobility in regards to disease surveillance. ⁴²⁹

3.1.2 Private sector involvement in response planning

3.1.2a Mechanism to engage private sector in outbreak preparedness/response

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has specific mechanism(s) for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response. While there is evidence that South Sudan works with international organisations like the World Health Organization(WHO) and the United Nations (UN), to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response. For example, in May 2025 South Sudan received US$ 10 million from the UN Emergency Fund to address vulnerability protection risks. ⁴³⁰ However, there is insufficient evidence that South Sudan works with the private sector.

The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 briefly mentions public-private partnerships, but does not connect this to emergency preparedness and response. (p.23)⁴³¹ The website of the Ministry of Health does not mention the private sector at all. ⁴³² Finally, there is no mention of the private sector in relation to emergency response in the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017. ⁴³³

3.1.3 Non-pharmaceutical interventions planning

3.1.3a Policy/plan/guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

Score: 50

South Sudan does have guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during an epidemic or pandemic but these guidelines exist for only one disease.

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, infection control guidelines have been published by the Ministry of Health, with criteria for implementation of NPIs. These include physical distancing, wearing of masks, cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces, handwashing etc.⁴³⁴

The website of the Ministry of Health does not provide any evidence of other guidelines that implement NPIs during pandemics. ⁴³⁵

There is no evidence in the National Security Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, the National Health Policy 2016-2026, or the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017. ⁴³⁶⁴³⁷⁴³⁸

3.2 Exercising response plans

3.2.1 Activating response plans

3.2.1a Completion of biological-focused IHR exercise with the WHO in past year

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has activated their national emergency response plan for an infectious disease outbreak in the past year, and there is insufficient evidence that South Sudan was part of a national-level biological threat-focus exercise.

South Sudan has an emergency response plan, the National Action Plan for Health Security 2020-2024. ⁴³⁹ However, there is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic potential. There is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health that this plan was activated last year, nor has there been any evidence of the action plan being updated. ⁴⁴⁰

In June 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a Joint Operational Review (JOR) in South Sudan to evaluate the country's emergency response efforts during health crises. "The review focused on key pillars of outbreaks response namely, Management and operations, essential health service delivery and business continuity; health information; laboratory based surveillance for all epidemic potential diseases; and leadership and coordination in multiple emergencies context."⁴⁴¹ South Sudan was not in the lead during the JOR. There is no further evidence of biological threat-focused exercises on the website of the Ministry of Health or the WHO. ⁴⁴²⁴⁴³

3.2.1b Evidence of bio-focused exercise to identify gaps/best practices

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has identified a list of gaps and best practices in response (either through an infectious disease response, after action review, or biological-threat focused exercise) and developed a plan to improve response capabilities in the last year.

In June 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a Joint Operational Review (JOR) in South Sudan to evaluate the country's emergency response efforts during health and humanitarian crises. "The JOR aimed at identifying and documenting the best practices, gaps, challenges and lessons learned during the response to the humanitarian emergencies so that efforts and resources of WHO and partners are prioritized to deliver results and are aligned with up-to-date, evidence-based plans." ⁴⁴⁴ There is no evidence that the list of gaps and best practices has been published.

There is evidence that South Sudan has conducted after action reviews in both 2020 and 2022, however there are no reports available. ⁴⁴⁵ There is no further evidence available on the website of the Ministry of Health or the WHO.⁴⁴⁶⁴⁴⁷

3.2.2 Private sector engagement in exercises

3.2.2a Evidence of national-level biological threat-focused exercise that includes private sector

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has undergone a national-level biological threat-focused exercise that has included private sector representatives in the last year.

There is no further evidence on private sector cooperation in biological threat-focused exercises on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the WHO. ⁴⁴⁹⁴⁵⁰

3.3 Emergency response operation

3.3.1 Emergency response operation

3.3.1a Existence of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has an Emergency Operations Center (EOC).

According to the Ministry of Health, its first Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) was officially inaugurated in October 2018. ⁴⁵¹ As of 2022, the PHEOC was "equipped with hardware and software to facilitate emergency response operations". ⁴⁵² Which was made possible by the African Development Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁴⁵³

There is no information available on the website of the Ministry of Health or the WHO, regarding the PHEOC's ability to respond to emergencies. ⁴⁵⁴⁴⁵⁵ The Ministry of Health has conducted a PHEOC simulation exercise to access readiness to respond to a public health emergency in December 2019. ⁴⁵⁶ However, the results of this exercise have not been made public. ⁴⁵⁷

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted in 15-20 October 2017, there is also a virtual EOC system in place that operates under the National Public Health Laboratory in the Public Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. (p.35) ⁴⁵⁸ There is no website for the National Public Health Laboratory.

3.3.1b Requirement for EOC to conduct/evidence EOC conducts at least annual drills

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in South Sudan is required to conduct a drill for a public health emergency scenario at least once per year.

According to the Ministry of Health, its first Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) was officially inaugurated in October 2018. ⁴⁵⁹ As of 2022, the PHEOC was "equipped with hardware and software to facilitate emergency response operations". ⁴⁶⁰ Which was made possible by the African Development Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁴⁶¹

There is no information available on the website of the Ministry of Health or the WHO, regarding the PHEOC's ability to respond to emergencies. ⁴⁶²⁴⁶³ The Ministry of Health has conducted a PHEOC simulation exercise to access readiness to respond to a public health emergency in December 2019. ⁴⁶⁴ However, the results of this exercise have not been made public. ⁴⁶⁵

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted in 15-20 October 2017, there is also a virtual EOC system in place that operates under the National Public Health Laboratory in the Public Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. (p.35) ⁴⁶⁶ There is no evidence that drills are conducted at least once per year. The National Public Health Laboratory currently does not have a website.

3.3.1c EOC activation within 120 minutes of identification of emergency/scenario

Score: 0

There is no evidence that shows that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in South Sudan has conducted within the last year a coordinated emergency response or emergency response exercise activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency.

According to the Ministry of Health, its first Public Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC) was officially inaugurated in October 2018. ⁴⁶⁷ As of 2022, the PHEOC was "equipped with hardware and software to facilitate emergency response operations". ⁴⁶⁸ Which was made possible by the African Development Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁴⁶⁹

There is no information available on the website of the Ministry of Health or the WHO, regarding the PHEOC's ability to respond to emergencies. ⁴⁷⁰⁴⁷¹ The Ministry of Health has conducted a PHEOC simulation exercise to access readiness to respond to a public health emergency in December 2019. ⁴⁷² However, the results of this exercise have not been made public. ⁴⁷³

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted in 15-20 October 2017, there is also a virtual EOC system in place that operates under the National Public Health Laboratory in the Public Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health. (p.35) ⁴⁷⁴ There is no evidence that an emergency response exercise took place within the last year. The National Public Health Laboratory currently does not have a website.

3.4 Linking public health and security authorities

3.4.1 Public health and security authorities linked for a biological event

3.4.1a Joint exercise/procedures for potential deliberate biological events

Score: 0

There is no evidence to support that South Sudan's public health and national security authorities have carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event (i.e. bioterrorism attack). There is no evidence that South Sudan has publicly available standard operating procedures, guidelines, MOUs or other agreements between the public health and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event (i.e. bioterrorism attack).

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2019, there is very little communication and links between public health and security authorities, security personnel are not aware of their role in coordinating with their public health counterparts. The JEE states, "there is no signed protocol, MoU, or any written agreement linking public health to the security forces. No joint exercises nor simulations by public health and security authorities linked to biological and toxins events have been done. The scarcity of resources hinders the improvement of the country's capability" (p.37) ⁴⁷⁵

There is no evidence through the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, or the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs. ⁴⁷⁶⁴⁷⁷⁴⁷⁸ There is no website for the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

There is also no evidence through the National Health Policy 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security 2020-2024. ⁴⁷⁹⁴⁸⁰

3.5 Risk communication

3.5.1 Risk communication planning

3.5.1a Risk communication plan for specific use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a national risk communication strategy or plan in place for use during a public health emergency.

The Ministry of Health has a risk communication page on its website, which provides six points on the topic. ⁴⁸¹ "1. Deploy risk communication and community engagement teams; and materials to affected area. 2. Engage communities to dispel rumors, encourage to abide by preventive and control measures. 3. Form a community advisory team comprised from community, opinion and religious leaders for support. 4. Identify community-based organizations (CBOs), civil society organizations (CSOs) and other groups and engage in Ebola prevention and control activities. 5. Conduct community awareness events/disseminate public health messages (assess locally available options, use multiple approaches suited to context). 6. Provide counselling and psychosocial support to infected and affected families; and contact". ⁴⁸²

In 2021 South Sudan published the COVAX Communication Strategy – 2nd Phase Vaccination. ⁴⁸³ This report highlights communication goals such as providing correct and timely information about the COVID-19 vaccine, reducing mis/disinformation, and sharing information on risk of infection to promote social distancing. At the same time, radio spots and posters were used to spread information. ⁴⁸⁴⁴⁸⁵ Individuals were also able to call a free toll number if they suspected that someone was infected with the COVID-19 virus. ⁴⁸⁶

There is no evidence found on the website of the Ministry of Health or in the National Health Policy 2016-2026 that there are broader communication strategies in South Sudan. ⁴⁸⁷⁴⁸⁸ There is no website for the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management.

3.5.1b Inclusion of different population & sector needs in risk communication plan

Score: 0

There is no evidence South Sudan has a strategy (or other legislation, regulation or strategy document used to guide national public health response) that outlines how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communications needs, because South Sudan does not have a coherent strategy or standard operating procedures for public communications at all.

The Ministry of Health has a risk communication page on its website, which provides six points on the topic. ⁴⁹⁰ "1. Deploy risk communication and community engagement teams; and materials to affected area. 2. Engage communities to dispel rumors, encourage to abide by preventive and control measures. 3. Form a community advisory team comprised from community, opinion and religious leaders for support. 4. Identify community-based organizations (CBOs), civil society organizations (CSOs) and other groups and engage in Ebola prevention and control activities. 5. Conduct community awareness events/disseminate public health messages (assess locally available options, use multiple approaches suited to context). 6. Provide counselling and psychosocial support to infected and affected families; and contact". ⁴⁹¹ No further information is provided on the topic or on different communication needs.

In 2021 South Sudan published the COVAX Communication Strategy – 2nd Phase Vaccination. ⁴⁹² This report highlights communication goals such as providing correct and timely information about the COVID-19 vaccine, reducing mis/disinformation, and sharing information on risk of infection to promote social distancing. Furthermore, the report indicates that different level-setting mechanisms (such as role-plays and videotapes) should be used to educate all participants. However, different needs for certain population groups are not mentioned. ⁴⁹³

During the COVID-19 pandemic radio spots and poster were also used to inform the public. ⁴⁹⁴ Posters were available in multiple languages, such as english, arabic, as well as toposa. Finally, posters targeting women and the safety of vaccines were also spread throughout the country. ⁴⁹⁵⁴⁹⁶⁴⁹⁷

There is no evidence found on the website of the Ministry of Health or in the National Health Policy 2016-2026 that there are broader communication strategies in South Sudan. ⁴⁹⁸⁴⁹⁹

3.5.1c Designation of a specific government spokesperson during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that there is a specific position within the government to serve as the primary spokesperson to the public during a public health emergency.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Values of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15-20 October 2017, there are "no standardised SOPs [standard operating procedures] for public communications within the MoH [Ministry of Health] media and communications department". (p.43) ⁵⁰¹ A spokesperson is not mentioned. No evidence of a specific position within the government to serve as the primary spokesperson to the public during a public health emergency is found under the Ministry of Health website. ⁵⁰²

In 2021 South Sudan published the COVAX Communication Strategy – 2nd Phase Vaccination. The report indicates that a spokesperson for various levels should be identified, ideally before issues arise. ⁵⁰³ However, who it should be is not made apparent. ⁵⁰⁴

3.5.2 Public health systems communication

3.5.2a Government use of media platforms to share info on public health emergencies

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan utilizes media platforms to inform the public about active public health concerns.

The Ministry of Health regularly posts news updates on a broad range of topics. ⁵⁰⁵ A significant amount of post target positive news such as high level international leadership meetings and participation in conferences. However, the website is also regularly used to provide information on health concerns. For example, on the 26th of June 2025, an update on the cholera outbreak was posted. ⁵⁰⁶ On the 28th of June 2025, the website indicated that an oral cholera vaccine campaign would be launched in Kapoeta South County. ⁵⁰⁷ "During the launch, Hon. Sarah Cleto urged the residents of Kapoeta South to take proactive steps in the fight against cholera, emphasizing the critical importance of hygiene and cleanliness. While acknowledging a decrease in reported cholera cases within the county, she stressed that continued vigilance and community engagement are crucial to prevent any resurgence." ⁵⁰⁸

The Ministry of Health also has an active X and Facebook account. ⁵⁰⁹⁵¹⁰

3.5.2b Evidence that senior leaders have shared mis/disinformation on infectious diseases

Score: 100

There is no evidence that senior leaders in South Sudan have shared misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases in the past two years.

On July 4 2024, the President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, "expressed concern about the country's current health situation and vowed his full assistance in addressing the issues that the health sector faces in order to provide quality services to the people. […] emphasizing the importance of proactive measures to prevent the spread of diseases such as cholera, measles, and yellow fever to ensure the well-being of all citizens". ⁵¹¹

Similarly, Minister of Health Sarah Cleto Rial, has "urged the residents of Kapoeta South to take proactive steps in the fight against cholera, emphasizing the critical importance of hygiene and cleanliness. While acknowledging a decrease in reported cholera cases within the county, she stressed that continued vigilance and community engagement are crucial to prevent any resurgence." ⁵¹²

There is no evidence through the Ministry of Health that leadership has shared misinformation or disinformation. ⁵¹³

3.6 Access to communications infrastructure

3.6.1 Internet users

3.6.1a Percentage of households with Internet

Score: 5.32

3.6.2 Mobile subscribers

3.6.2a Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Score: 25.21

3.6.3 Female access to a mobile phone

3.6.3a Gender gap in access to a mobile phone (percentage points)

Score: 70

3.6.4 Female access to the Internet

3.6.4a Gender gap in access to the Internet (percentage points)

Score: 79.17

3.7 Trade and travel restrictions

3.7.1 Trade restrictions

3.7.1a Restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that South Sudan has implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no evidence found through the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁵¹⁴⁵¹⁵

There is evidence that other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have imposed trade restrictions on South Sudan. ⁵¹⁶ However, these pertain to military goods and technology, as well as any form of assistance that could enable or facilitate armed hostilities in South Sudan. ⁵¹⁷ Medical goods do not appear to be covered in these restrictions.

3.7.1b Restrictions on movement and/or exports/imports due to disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that South Sudan has implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no evidence found through the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁵¹⁸⁵¹⁹

There is evidence that other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have imposed trade restrictions on South Sudan. ⁵²⁰ However, these pertain to military goods and technology, as well as any form of assistance that could enable or facilitate armed hostilities in South Sudan. ⁵²¹ Medical goods do not appear to be covered in these restrictions.

3.7.2 Travel restrictions

3.7.2a Evidence of travel ban due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that South Sudan, in the past year, has implemented inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to infectious disease outbreaks.

There is no evidence of travel restrictions on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs. ⁵²²⁵²³

Other countries, such as the United States, have imposed visa and travel restrictions on South Sudan. ⁵²⁴ The outbreak of infectious diseases is not mentioned as a reason for these restrictions.

3.7.2b Risk-based approach to international travel-related measures

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan uses a risk-based approach to international travel-related measures.

In 2020 the Ministry of Health published a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Points of Entry (PoE) regarding the Covid-19 pandemic. ⁵²⁵ The SOP covers screening of travelers coming through PoE, and takes into consideration the different risks associated with ways people can enter the country.

There is no further evidence found via the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Defense and Veterans Affairs. ⁵²⁶⁵²⁷

Health System

4.1 Health capacity in clinics, hospitals and community care centers

4.1.1 Available human resources for the broader healthcare system

4.1.1a Doctors per 100,000 people

Score: 0.05

4.1.1b Nurses and midwives per 100,000 people

Score: 8.38

4.1.1c Updated health workforce strategy to address human resource shortfalls

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a health workforce strategy in place (which has been updated in the past five years) to identify fields where there is an insufficient workforce and strategies to address these shortcomings.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, there is a national human resource development strategy for 2006 to 2017. (p.32) ⁵²⁸ This strategy is not available through the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Labour. ⁵²⁹⁵³⁰ There is no evidence through these Ministries that this strategy has been updated in the past five years. ⁵³¹⁵³²

The Ministry of Labour has published the Policy Framework and Strategic Plan 2021-2025. ⁵³³ This Plan does mention the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health, but does not indicate shortcomings and does not identify fields with insufficient workforce. (p.19-20) ⁵³⁴

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) South Sudan has developed the Health Sector Strategic Plan 2023-2027. ⁵³⁵ There is no evidence of the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Labour that this Plan has been published. ⁵³⁶⁵³⁷

4.1.1d Health system capacity for essential health services

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has sufficient capacity within the health system to deliver essential health services.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, similarly indicates that the countries workforce is lacking and that there is no workforce strategy in place. (p.31) ⁵⁴⁰

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "South Sudan has a health system stretched beyond capacity, with low health workforce availability, weak disease surveillance, and low vaccine coverage for most preventable diseases."⁵⁴¹ The outbreak of several infectious diseases through recent years have further exacerbated the public health crisis. ⁵⁴²

The Institute of Development Studies indicates that the situation may worsen in the future, as the United States has severely cut aid, making it difficult to improve the current healthcare situation. ⁵⁴³

4.1.1e Essential health services continuity plan for public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a plan to ensure continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 "the health workforce of South Sudan is quite low at all the levels in terms of numbers and skill mix of the requisite human resource". (p.61)⁵⁴⁴ Furthermore, the capacity at local training institutions is also low. There are three universities that offer medical training, and two universities that offer public health training. ⁵⁴⁵ The NAPHS provides no information regarding the continuity of essential health services during public health emergencies. The NAPHS does indicate that ad hoc Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) can be drawn from different ministries, such as health and agriculture. (p.65-66)⁵⁴⁶ Capacity gaps exists and medical professionals are not mentioned.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, similarly indicates that the countries workforce is lacking. (p.31) ⁵⁴⁷

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "South Sudan has a health system stretched beyond capacity, with low health workforce availability, weak disease surveillance, and low vaccine coverage for most preventable diseases."⁵⁴⁸ The outbreak of several infectious diseases through recent years have further exacerbated the public health crisis. ⁵⁴⁹

4.1.2 Facilities capacity

4.1.2a Hospital beds per 100,000 people

Score: 0

4.1.2b In-country capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has the capacity to isolate patients with high communicable diseases in a biocontainment patient care unit or patients isolation room within the country.

In 2021, "the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has handed over a 24-bed COVID-19 isolation unit to the Nimule Hospital in Eastern Equatoria […] Nimule Hospital is a 174-bed county hospital which serves the border town of Nimule and caters to South Sudanese residents of the Adjumani refugee camp across the border in Uganda". ⁵⁵¹ In 2025, the Ministry of Health with help from the World Health Organization (WHO) has reopened the Infectious Disease Unit (IDU). ⁵⁵² The IDU has a new 15-bed capacity, and allows for isolation in case of a infectious disease outbreak.

Patients can also be isolated at the Dr. John Garang Infectious Disease Unit in Juba. ⁵⁵³ The IDU facility has a capacity of 82-beds, which can be expanded to 250-beds when necessary. ⁵⁵⁴

4.1.2c Demonstrated capacity / evidence of plan to expand isolation capacity

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has demonstrated capacity to expand isolation capacity in response to an infectious disease outbreak in the past two years.

Efforts to expand isolation capacity have been driven by international organizations. In 2024 the Ministry of Health has received newly constructed health facilities in Nimule and Wounthou, which were funded by the European Union (EU). ⁵⁵⁵ In Nimule a isolation/quarantine and screening facility was placed, with a total size of 700 square meters. It is unclear to what extend isolation capacity was increased. In Wounthou, the added quarantine building has 10 rooms. ⁵⁵⁶

In 2025 the Ministry of Health was able to reactivate the Infectious Disease Unit in Nimule with the help of the World Health Organization (WHO). "The new 15 bed capacity facility is designed to bolster the country's healthcare system by providing necessary resources and infrastructure to manage infectious diseases effectively boosting infection prevention and control". ⁵⁵⁷ It is unclear if these 15 beds are in the isolation unit, however they are used to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases.

Isolation capacity is not mentioned on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁵⁵⁸

4.2 Supply chain for health system and healthcare workers

4.2.1 Routine health care and laboratory system supply

4.2.1a National procurement protocol for the acquisition of routine laboratory/medical supplies

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a national procurement protocol in place which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies and medical supplies for routine needs.

Public procurement in South Sudan is regulated by the Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Regulations 2024. This act expressly applies to all types of public procurement. ⁵⁵⁹ The Public Procurement & Disposal of Assets Authority (PPDAA) is charged with overseeing the regulation and runs a tender portal. ⁵⁶⁰ The tender portal includes information on both current and closed bids. There are no acquisitions from the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture nor has any laboratory or medical supplies been acquired, however the earliest bid/acquisition appears to be from February 2025 and only a small number of bids have been published. ⁵⁶¹

4.2.2 Stockpiling for emergencies

4.2.2a Stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 33.33

There is evidence that South Sudan has a stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency, however the country does not have an overarching national public health emergency response plan through which this is defined. Furthermore, there is limited evidence about what the stockpile contains.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE), conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, states that "there are limited national stockpiles of medical countermeasures, and those available are mainly for communicable diseases like measles and meningitis. The country has received large stocks of cholera vaccines periodically to help contain outbreaks". (p.39) ⁵⁶² Furthermore, the JEE indicates that efforts have been made to ensure that vaccines remain in stock, however stock outs do occur in areas affected by conflicts. (p.21) ⁵⁶³

According to the World Health Organization, South Sudan secured over 282.150 doses of an oral cholera vaccine in November 2024. ⁵⁶⁴ However, it is unclear if part of this was used to add to the countries stockpile.

There is no further evidence through the websites of the Ministry of Health or the World Health Organization. ⁵⁶⁵⁵⁶⁶

4.2.2b Stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 50

There is some evidence that the country has a stockpile of laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE), conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, states that "there are limited national stockpiles of medical countermeasures, and those available are mainly for communicable diseases like measles and meningitis". (p.39) At the same time the JEE acknowledges that there is a frequent stock out of laboratory commodities. Most of the state laboratories do not have the equipment to test, and there is a lack of equipment and reagents for other tests. (p.24)⁵⁶⁷

No evidence of a stockpile of laboratory supplies is found under the Ministry of Health.⁵⁶⁸ The Central Medical Stores does not have its own website, and the webpage through the Ministry of Health remains empty. ⁵⁶⁹ The country has a National Public Health Laboratory according to the JEE but the laboratory does not have a website. (p.20) ⁵⁷⁰

4.2.2c Annual review of national stockpile to ensure sufficient supply

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan conducts an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency.

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE), conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "there are limited national stockpiles of medical countermeasures, and those available are mainly for communicable diseases like measles and meningitis. The country has received large stocks of cholera vaccines periodically to help contain outbreaks". (p.39) ⁵⁷¹ Furthermore, laboratory commodities frequently experience stock outs. (p.24) There is no evidence in the JEE that South Sudan conducts or requires an annual review of the national stockpile.

There is no evidence available through the websites of the Ministry of Health or the World Health Organization. ⁵⁷²⁵⁷³

South Sudan does not have an overarching national emergency response plan. Plans such as the National Health Policy 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 do not mention stockpiles. ⁵⁷⁴⁵⁷⁵

4.2.3 Manufacturing and procurement for emergencies

4.2.3a Plan/agreement to produce/procure medical supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a plan to leverage public or private sector domestic manufacturing capacity to produce medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency. There is no evidence of a plan to procure medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency. And there is no evidence of a plan to expedite medical supplies through points of entry.

Public procurement in South Sudan is regulated by the Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Regulations 2024. This act expressly applies to all types of public procurement. ⁵⁷⁶ Article 44 of this regulation covers emergency procurement which may take place if: "(a) the country is threatened by or confronted with a disaster, catastrophe or war; (b) life or the quality of life or environment may be seriously compromised; (c) the conditions or quality of goods, equipment, buildings or publicly owned capital goods may seriously deteriorate unless action is urgently and necessarily taken to maintain them in their actual value or usefulness; or (d) an investment project is seriously delayed for want of minor item." ⁵⁷⁷ The article does not indicate what emergency procurement looks like, and how it differs from 'regular' procurement. There are no procurement forms on emergency procurement on the website of the Public Procurement & Disposal of Assets Authority (PPDAA). ⁵⁷⁸

The World Health Organization's (WHO) Health Emergency Appeal 2024, lists procurement and distribution of emergency health kits as one of its activities for 2025. (p.4) ⁵⁷⁹ However, the document does not include any information on procurement methods, receiving medical supplies through points of entry, or public/private manufacturing capacity.

There is no evidence for production or procurement on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁵⁸⁰⁵⁸¹

4.2.3b Plan/agreement to produce/procure lab supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a plan to leverage public or private sector domestic manufacturing capacity to produce laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency. There is no evidence of a plan to procure laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency. And there is no evidence of a plan to expedite laboratory supplies through points of entry.

Public procurement in South Sudan is regulated by the Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Regulations 2024. This act expressly applies to all types of public procurement. ⁵⁸² Article 44 of this regulation covers emergency procurement which may take place if: "(a) the country is threatened by or confronted with a disaster, catastrophe or war; (b) life or the quality of life or environment may be seriously compromised; (c) the conditions or quality of goods, equipment, buildings or publicly owned capital goods may seriously deteriorate unless action is urgently and necessarily taken to maintain them in their actual value or usefulness; or (d) an investment project is seriously delayed for want of minor item." ⁵⁸³ The article does not indicate what emergency procurement looks like, and how it differs from 'regular' procurement. There are no procurement forms on emergency procurement on the website of the Public Procurement & Disposal of Assets Authority (PPDAA). ⁵⁸⁴

There is no evidence for production or procurement on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁵⁸⁵⁵⁸⁶

4.2.3c Mechanism emergency logistics and supply chain management

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a system for national and subnational levels for emergency logistics and supply chain management. There is no evidence that the system is exercised, reviewed, evaluated and updated on a regular basis. There is no evidence that the system covers specific considerations for cold chain management. There is no evidence that the system covers the public and private sector.

Public procurement in South Sudan is regulated by the Public Procurement and Disposal of Assets Regulations 2024. This act expressly applies to all types of public procurement. ⁵⁸⁷ Article 44 of this regulation covers emergency procurement which may take place if: "(a) the country is threatened by or confronted with a disaster, catastrophe or war; (b) life or the quality of life or environment may be seriously compromised; (c) the conditions or quality of goods, equipment, buildings or publicly owned capital goods may seriously deteriorate unless action is urgently and necessarily taken to maintain them in their actual value or usefulness; or (d) an investment project is seriously delayed for want of minor item." ⁵⁸⁸ The article does not indicate what emergency procurement looks like, and how it differs from 'regular' procurement. There are no procurement forms on emergency procurement on the website of the Public Procurement & Disposal of Assets Authority (PPDAA). ⁵⁸⁹

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE), conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, states that "generally, the available emergency response materials and the capacity for logistics management are partner or donor driven". (p.33) ⁵⁹⁰

In 2024, UNICEF reported that some cold chain management for vaccines was available through solar-power refrigerators. ⁵⁹¹ These refrigerators were implemented by UNICEF with financial support of the Global Vaccine Alliance (Gavi).

There is no evidence found through the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security in regards to emergency logistics and supply chain management. ⁵⁹²⁵⁹³

4.3 Medical countermeasures and personnel deployment

4.3.1 System for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

4.3.1a Plan/program/guidelines for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a plan, program, or guidelines in place for dispensing medical countermeasures (MCM) for national use during a public health emergency (i.e., antibiotics, vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics).

According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE), conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, "South Sudan does not have a national framework for the transfer of medical countermeasures, despite a history of several public health emergencies of international concern (PHEICs) ranging from infectious disease outbreaks to armed conflict. During such emergencies, response is largely supported by relevant government agencies and international partners with limited coordination from government. This leads to duplication of efforts sometimes, as there are no proper coordination and communication mechanisms in place. The report further recommends a plan to outline system for sending."(p.39) ⁵⁹⁴

There is no evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁵⁹⁵

4.3.2 System for receiving foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

4.3.2a Plan to receive foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a public plan in place to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 "the health workforce of South Sudan is quite low at all the levels in terms of numbers and skill mix of the requisite human resource". (p.71) ⁵⁹⁶ Furthermore, the capacity at local training institutions is also low. There are three universities that offer medical training, and two universities that offer public health training. ⁵⁹⁷ According to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, deployed personnel may be received through partners such as the World Health Organization, UNICEF, or the International Organization for Migration (IOM). (p.39)⁵⁹⁸ There are no plans in place to facilitate this.

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "South Sudan has a health system stretched beyond capacity, with low health workforce availability, weak disease surveillance, and low vaccine coverage for most preventable diseases."⁵⁹⁹ The outbreak of several infectious diseases through recent years have further exacerbated the public health crisis. ⁶⁰⁰

There is no further evidence available via the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁰²

The National Health Policy 2016-2026 by the Ministry of Health, does not mention personnel. ⁶⁰³

4.3.2b Plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the Republic of South Sudan has a public plan in place to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, states South Sudan, "has yet to sign up for, and explore available regional and international agreements for the sending and receiving of medical countermeasures and personnel deployment, although it has received and deployed personnel for various responses under the surge support plan of various partners like WHO, UNICEF and International Organization for Migration (IOM)." (p.39) ⁶⁰⁴ The National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024, agrees that South Sudan does not have a framework to transfer medical personnel. (p. 71) ⁶⁰⁵

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "South Sudan has a health system stretched beyond capacity, with low health workforce availability, weak disease surveillance, and low vaccine coverage for most preventable diseases."⁶⁰⁶ There is no evidence through the WHO that South Sudan has a plan in place to receive healthcare personnel from other countries.

There is no further evidence via the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁰⁷

The National Health Policy 2016-2026 by the Ministry of Health, does not mention personnel. ⁶⁰⁸

4.3.2c Plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a public plan in place to redeploy existing health personnel within the country.

According to the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 "South Sudan does not have a national framework for the transfer of medical countermeasures, public health and medical personnel […] The country has yet to sign up for and explore available regional and international agreements for the sending and receiving of medical countermeasures and personnel deployment". (p.71)⁶⁰⁹ However, according to the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, deployed personnel may be received through partners such as the World Health Organization, UNICEF, or the International Organization for Migration (IOM). ⁶¹⁰

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "South Sudan has a health system stretched beyond capacity, with low health workforce availability, weak disease surveillance, and low vaccine coverage for most preventable diseases."⁶¹¹ The outbreak of several infectious diseases through recent years have further exacerbated the public health crisis. ⁶¹² Redeployment of personnel is not mentioned.

There is no evidence via the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶¹⁴

The National Health Policy 2016-2026 by the Ministry of Health, does not mention personnel. ⁶¹⁵

4.4 Healthcare access

4.4.1 Access to healthcare

4.4.1a Constitutional guarantee of citizens’ right to medical care

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan's constitution explicitly guarantees citizens right to medical care.

Article 31 of the Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011, states that: "All levels of government shall promote public health, establish, rehabilitate and develop basic medical and diagnostic institutions and provide free primary health care and emergency services for all citizens." ⁶¹⁶

4.4.1b Access to skilled birth attendants (% of population)

Score: 11.76

4.4.1c Out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita, PPP (current international $)

Score: 99.2

4.4.1d Coverage of essential health services through universal health coverage

Score: 14.58

4.4.1e Total population pushed below a relative poverty line by household health expenditure (60% of media daily per capita consumption or income)

Score: 61.25

4.4.1f Rate of mortality amenable to health care

Score: 84.38

4.4.2 Paid medical leave

4.4.2a Guaranteed paid sick leave

Score: 66.67

There is evidence that workers in South Sudan receive guaranteed paid sick leave.

Article 63 of The Labour Act, 2017, states that "an employee is entitled to 12 days of sick leave on full pay per year of continuous service". ⁶¹⁷ The employer may demand that the employee provide medical prove that he or she is incapacitated. ⁶¹⁸ Mental health problems are not mentioned in this act.

4.4.3 Healthcare worker access to healthcare

4.4.3a Government prioritisation of care for healthcare workers during response

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has issued legislation, a policy, or public statement committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention such a policy. ⁶¹⁹ Similarly, there is no evidence through the website of the Ministry of Health, or in the National Health Plan 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁶²⁰⁶²¹⁶²²

According to the World Health Organization, healthcare workers were prioritized during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁶²³ During this public health emergency, healthcare workers received personal protective equipment to prevent the transmission of the virus. However, there is no evidence that these workers received prioritized healthcare.

4.5 Communications with healthcare workers during a public health emergency

4.5.1 Communication with healthcare workers

4.5.1a Existence of system for communication during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency as the functional capacity of the communication plan is limited.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, mentions a National Rapid Response Team (RRT) to respond to disease outbreaks, but does not discuss a communication mechanism within that team or across regional RRTs. The Emergency Operations Center ( EOC ) has established coordination mechanisms, but there are problems with capacity gaps with ad hoc team members regarding public communication, coordination, and information sharing. (p.35) ⁶²⁴

There is no further evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶²⁵ There is no website for the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management.

Finally, there is no evidence in the National Health Policy 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁶²⁶⁶²⁷

4.5.1b Inclusion of public and private sector in healthcare communication system

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that South Sudan has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency that includes workers in both the public and private sector.

There is no further evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶²⁹ There is no website for the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management.

Finally, there is no evidence in the National Health Policy 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁶³⁰⁶³¹

4.6 Infection control practices

4.6.1 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) monitoring

4.6.1a Evidence of national public health system monitoring and tracking of HCAIs

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the national public health system in South Sudan is monitoring for and tracking the number of healthcare associated infections (HCAI) that take place in healthcare facilities.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, says, "there is no national plan for the detection and reporting of AMR pathogens and no Health Care Associated Infection (HCAI) sentinel sites have been set up." (p.11) ⁶³²

There is no evidence via the websites of the Ministry of Health or the World Health Organization that monitoring or tracking of HCAI takes place. ⁶³³⁶³⁴

HCAI are not covered in the National Health Policy 2016-2026 or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁶³⁵⁶³⁶

4.6.1b Infection prevention and control programme

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has an infection prevention and control (IPC) programme.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, recommends that South Sudan develops a national IPC programme. (p.12) ⁶³⁷ There is no evidence through the websites of the Ministry of Health or the World Health Organization (WHO), that an IPC programme was developed over the last years. ⁶³⁸⁶³⁹

In 2024, the South Sudanese Ministry of Health with help from the WHO has started an initiative to upscale IPC an water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) measures in health facilities. ⁶⁴⁰ This initiative "encompasses water quality testing, hand hygiene promotion, healthcare waste management, and the implementation of IPC guidelines through multimodal strategy improvement and standard operating procedures". ⁶⁴¹ Again, there is no evidence of these IPC guidelines on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the WHO. ⁶⁴²⁶⁴³

4.6.1c National plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has a plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan (JEE), conducted 15-20 October 2017, does not mention what kind of environments exist in healthcare facilities across the country, not does it mention a plan to ensure a safe environment. ⁶⁴⁴

There is no evidence through the websites of the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁶⁴⁵⁶⁴⁶

According to a 2022 press release by the international rescue committee, violence against healthcare workers and patients is prevalent. ⁶⁴⁷ In 2021, at least 18 healthcare professionals were killed. Furthermore, facilities are attacked and looted.

The 2019 'Provision of Essential Health Services Project' by the World Bank, similarly indicates that the unrest and volatility in the country has lead to dysfunctional healthcare facilities. (p.12) ⁶⁴⁸

4.7 Capacity to test and approve new medical countermeasures

4.7.1 Regulatory process for clinical trials of unregistered interventions

4.7.1a Requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has a national requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial.

In 2006, South Sudan established the Research Ethics Committee. ⁶⁴⁹ "Its purpose is to ensure that research in South Sudan is conducted according to internationally accepted norms in order to protect healthy volunteers and patients from exploitation and harm by researchers and commercial organizations. Compliance with these guidelines helps to ensure that the dignity, rights, safety, and well-being of research participants are promoted and that the results of the investigations are credible. "⁶⁵⁰

According to the South Sudan Medical Journal, the South Sudan Research Ethics Committee (SSSREC) will publish guidelines on the undertaking of research and clinical trials. ⁶⁵¹ There is no evidence that these guidelines are published via the websites of the South Sudan Medical Journal or the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁵²⁶⁵³

4.7.1b Expedited approval for clinical trials of unregistered MCMs during epidemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures (MCM) or mutual recognition of clinical trial results taking place elsewhere to treat ongoing pandemics or epidemics.

Although there is evidence that all researches involving clinical trials need the clearance of the Research Ethics Review Board and the National Drug and Food Control Authority of South Sudan, there is not enough evidence that South Sudan has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures to treat ongoing pandemics. ⁶⁵⁴⁶⁵⁵ The website of the Drug and Food Control Authority of South Sudan makes no mention of expedited clinical trials nor does it mention mutual recognition of clinical trial results elsewhere. ⁶⁵⁶

The Drug and Food Control Authority Act of 2012 (Act No. 37) by the Government of South Sudan, does include a section on clinical trials, namely Articles 59 through 68. ⁶⁵⁷ None of these articles cover expedited processes.

There is no evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁵⁸ The Research Ethics Review Board does not have a website.

4.7.2 Regulatory process for approving medical countermeasures

4.7.2a Existence of agency responsible for approving new human MCMs

Score: 100

There is a government agency responsible for approving new medical countermeasures (MCM) for humans in South Sudan.

"The South Sudan Drug and Food Control Authority […] is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing the quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs, food, chemicals, cosmetics, and medical devices in South Sudan". ⁶⁵⁹ Article 6 of the Drug and Food Control Authority Act of 2012 (Act No. 37), establishes the South Sudan Drug and Food Control Authority (DFCA) as the responsible agency for approving MCM for humans. ⁶⁶⁰

4.7.2b Expedited approval for human MCMs during public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has an expedited process for approving medical countermeasures (MCM) for human use or recognition of approval decisions taking place elsewhere during public health emergencies.

"The South Sudan Drug and Food Control Authority […] is the regulatory body responsible for overseeing the quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs, food, chemicals, cosmetics, and medical devices in South Sudan". ⁶⁶¹ There is no evidence on the website of the Drug and Food Control Authority (DFCA) that expedited processes are available or that recognition of approval decisions taking place elsewhere exist. ⁶⁶²

The Drug and Food Control Authority Act of 2012 (Act No. 37) by the Government of South Sudan, does not mention expedited processes. ⁶⁶³

There is no evidence available through the website of the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁶⁴

Commitment to International Norms

5.1 IHR reporting compliance and disaster risk reduction

5.1.1 Official IHR reporting

5.1.1a Submission of IHR reports to the WHO in past year

Score: 100

South Sudan has submitted an IHR Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) to the WHO for the last calendar year, with the latest submission in 2024.⁶⁶⁵

5.1.2 Integration of health into disaster risk reduction

5.1.2a Existence of specific risk reduction strategies for epidemics and pandemics

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence the Republic of South Sudan has a standalone national disaster risk reduction strategy for pandemics and there is limited evidence South Sudan has integrated pandemics into their national risk reduction strategy.

South Sudan has an emergency response plan, the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024. ⁶⁶⁶ However, there is insufficient evidence that this plan addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic potential. The NAPHS was established based on recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities (JEE) of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017. ⁶⁶⁷ Risk reduction is not covered by the NAPHS. ⁶⁶⁸

According to the JEE, South Sudan does not have a single, standalone national emergency preparedness and response plan to address all potential hazards. However, some response plans have been developed for specific purposes. Furthermore, there are "case management guidelines for the epidemic prone diseases and there is continuous capacity building for identified ad hoc Emergency Operations Center(EOC)personnel."(p.35) Further details about which diseases have guidelines and if they constitute pandemics are not included. ⁶⁶⁹

In 2024, the Minister of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management stated that progress was being made in developing a disaster risk management policy, a disaster risk management bill, and a national disaster risk reduction strategy. ⁶⁷⁰ A broad search of the internet, including the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, shows no evidence that these policies and strategies have been published. ⁶⁷¹⁶⁷² There is no website for the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management.

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has launched a Risk Information Exchange (RiX) platform in South Sudan. ⁶⁷³ Which allows for "aggregating information on hazards, exposure and vulnerability, across a broad range of risk areas, from biological, hydrometeorological to environmental, political and climage change". ⁶⁷⁴ The RiX platform should enable those with risk questions to search global, national, and regional data systems.

5.2 Cross-border agreements on public health and animal health emergency response

5.2.1 Cross-border agreements

5.2.1a Existence of public health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 50

There is evidence that South Sudan has cross-border agreements with neighboring countries, or as part of a regional group, with regards to public health emergencies. However, there is no evidence of implementation.

As of May 2025, "the DCR, Angola, Burundi, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Sao Tome Principe, South Sudan, Zambia, Kenya, Republic of Congo and Central African Republic will work with development partners, civil society organisations and other health experts from across Africa who committed to an agreement at a regional meeting, held in Nairobi, on Mpox Response and Other Health Emergencies". ⁶⁷⁵ The agreement is expected to improve financial and technical resources, data sharing, and cross-border transmissions. The World Bank, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) are involved to facilitate engagement. ⁶⁷⁶

There is currently no evidence available through the WHO, World Bank, Africa CDC, that steps have been taken to implement this agreement. ⁶⁷⁷⁶⁷⁸⁶⁷⁹

The websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security provides no information on cross-border agreements. ⁶⁸⁰⁶⁸¹

5.2.1b Existence of animal health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 50

There is evidence that South Sudan has cross-border agreements with neighboring countries, or as part of a regional group, with regards to animal health emergencies. However, there is no evidence of implementation.

In July 2024, "Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Uganda have signed a cross-border Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Addis Ababa to collaboratively mitigate animal diseases in the regio". ⁶⁸² Through this MoU the countries can implement a more effective vaccination programme and coordinate disease surveillance.

Furthermore, in 2020, Sudan and South Sudan signed another MoU on "Cross-Border Animal Health Coordination and Cooperation. This MoU follows a similar multilateral agreement concluded by South Sudan last July 2019 with three other important neighbouring and partner countries – Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda."⁶⁸³ Through this MoU, supported by the European Union, the countries are better equiped to monitor, control, and prevent the spreading of animal diseases.

Finally, the Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, notes that regarding animal health and Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) reporting mechanisms, the Ministry of Livestock, Animal Resources and Fisheries of South Sudan and the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Industry and Fisheries of Uganda have an MoU. (p.29) ⁶⁸⁴ However, the details and text of this MoU are not publicly available.

There is no evidence on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation that steps have been taken to implement these MoUs. ⁶⁸⁵⁶⁸⁶⁶⁸⁷ There currently is no website for the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries.

5.3 International commitments

5.3.1 Participation in international agreements

5.3.1a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention status

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has signed and accessioned the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

According to the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs Treaties Database, South Sudan has a accessioned the BWC on February 15 2023. ⁶⁸⁸

5.3.1b Submission of CBMs to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has submitted confidence building measures for the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in the past three years.

According to the United Nations, South Sudan has submitted no reports regarding BWC confidence building. ⁶⁸⁹

The Group of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) of which South Sudan is a member, regularly submits working papers. "Recent examples of Working Papers submitted on behalf of the NAM group include: 'International cooperation, assistance and exchange in the use of biological sciences and technology for peaceful purposes; Proposal for the establishment of a Cooperation Committee' (2022); and 'Strengthening National Implementation' (2019)". ⁶⁹⁰

5.3.1c Submission of UNSCR 1540 reports

Score: 100

There is evidence that South Sudan has provided the required United Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540 report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540.

South Sudan has submitted the UNSCR 1540 report on August 7 2013. ⁶⁹¹⁶⁹²

5.3.1d Extent of UNSCR 1540 implementation on public health emergencies

Score: 0

5.3.2 Voluntary memberships

5.3.2a Membership in global health security and/or biological weapons agreements

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan is a member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (GP), the Australia Group (AG), and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). ⁶⁹³⁶⁹⁴⁶⁹⁵

5.4 JEE and PVS

5.4.1 Completion and publication of a JEE assessment and gap analysis

5.4.1a Completion and publication of JEE (or GHSA pilot external assessment) report

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has completed a Joint External Evaluation and published a full public report in the last five years.

The first Joint External Evaluation of the IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan took place in October 2017, and was published in 2018. ⁶⁹⁶ The WHO and the Ministry of Health confirmed that a second Joint External Evaluation took place from September 16 to 20, 2024. ⁶⁹⁷⁶⁹⁸ However, there is no evidence that this report is already published on the website of the WHO or the Ministry of Health. ⁶⁹⁹⁷⁰⁰

5.4.2 Completion and publication of a PVS assessment and gap analysis

5.4.2a Completion and publication of PVS report (past five years)

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) assessment in the last five years.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) South Sudan has never completed or published a PVS evaluation, gap-analysis or legislation. ⁷⁰¹ There if no evidence available through the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁷⁰²⁷⁰³

5.4.2b Completion and publication of PVS gap analysis (past five years)

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) South Sudan has never completed or published a PVS evaluation, gap-analysis or legislation. ⁷⁰⁴ There if no evidence available through the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁷⁰⁵⁷⁰⁶

5.5 Financing

5.5.1 National financing for epidemic preparedness

5.5.1a Evidence of allocated national funds to improve capacity to address epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has allocated national funds to improve capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats within the past three years.

No evidence is found under the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Cabinet Affairs. ⁷⁰⁷⁷⁰⁸ Finally, there was no evidence available through the country profile of the World Health Organization. ⁷⁰⁹

5.5.2 Financing under JEE and PVS reports and gap analyses

5.5.2a National budget to address gaps identified in JEE, NAPHS or GHSA roadmap

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the Joint External Evaluation (JEE) report or the National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) 2020-2024 allocate specific funding from the national budget to address identified gaps.

The implementation for the 2020-2024 NAPHS in South Sudan is estimated to cost about 70 million dollars. (p.3)⁷¹⁰ The action plan does not specify if this budget is specifically meant to address identified gaps.

The Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, includes a section on national legislation, policy, and financing. (p.6-8)⁷¹¹ However, financing is hardly mentioned, the report only indicating that the government had provided support during cholera outbreaks, but that "information on dedicated government budget for emergencies was not readily available". (p.6) ⁷¹²

5.5.2b National budget to address gaps identified in PVS assessment or gap analysis

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) South Sudan has never completed or published a PVS evaluation, gap-analysis or legislation. ⁷¹³ There if no evidence available through the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁷¹⁴⁷¹⁵

5.5.3 Financing for emergency response

5.5.3a Emergency public financing during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There is a publicly identified special emergency public financing mechanism and funds which the country can access in the face of a public health emergency. South Sudan is an eligible nation for the World Bank's International Development Association funding and therefore is eligible for World Bank's Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (PEF). ⁷¹⁶⁷¹⁷ However, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan, conducted 15 to 20 October 2017, South Sudan should explore accessing funds from international agencies such as the World Bank and regional bodies. ⁷¹⁸

As a member-state of the African Union, South Sudan can also gain funds through the African Epidemic Fund, which was launched in 2025. ⁷¹⁹⁷²⁰ There is no evidence on the website of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) that South Sudan has used this fund. ⁷²¹

5.5.4 Accountability for international commitments to address epidemic threats

5.5.4a Commitments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no evidence that senior leaders (president or ministers), in the past three years, have made a public commitment either to support other countries to improve capacity to address epidemic threats by providing financing or support or to improve the country's domestic capacity to address epidemic threats by expanding financing or requesting support to improve capacity.

No evidence is found under the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. ⁷²²⁷²³ There currently is no website for the government of South Sudan. Finally, there was no evidence available through the country profile of the World Health Organization. ⁷²⁴

5.5.4b Investments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is no evidence that the country has, in the past three years provided other countries with financing or technical support to improve capacity to address epidemic threats but there is evidence South Sudan has requested financing or technical support from donors to improve the country's domestic capacity to address epidemic threats.

There is evidence via the Global Health Security Funding Tracker that South Sudan has received and invested donor funds by several international organizations. The tracker notes that South Sudan has received funding from multiple donors to enhance their capacity on reporting, emergency response operations, real-time surveillance, and antimicrobial resistance amont others. ⁷²⁵ For example, between 2014 and 2022 South Sudan received US$ 45 million to counter the poliovirus. Most funding between 2014 and 2022 was provided by the United States (US$530 million), the United Kingdom (US$ 475 million) and the United Nations (US$ 365 million). ⁷²⁶ There is no evidence that South Sudan has provided other countries with financing or technical support to improve capacity to address epidemic threats .The World Health Organization does not mention any such public commitments made by South Sudan. ⁷²⁷ In addition, no press releases or policy documents outlining this can be found on their Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ⁷²⁸⁷²⁹

Finally, South Sudan has received a grant through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria (the Global Fund). ⁷³⁰ "This grant supports the country’s vision of ending AIDS, TB and malaria as public health threats by 2030, seeks to build resilient and sustainable health systems, strengthen pandemic preparedness and promote national, multi-sectoral response to health and health risks."⁷³¹

5.5.4c Evidence that the country has fulfilled its full WHO contribution within the past two years

Score: 0

There is no evidence that South Sudan has fulfilled its full contribution to the World Health Organization (WHO) in the past two years.

According to the WHO South Sudan was invoiced US$ 9,570 in 2023. By December 31, no payment was made. ⁷³² In fact, South Sudan has an outstanding balance of $142,700. In both 2024 and 2025 South Sudan will be expected to contribute US$11,480 per year. ⁷³³ As of June 2025, there is no information available on the WHO website to indicate whether or not the contribution was paid in full. ⁷³⁴

5.6 Commitment to sharing of genetic & biological data & specimens

5.6.1 Commitment to share data and specimens in emergency/non-emergency research

5.6.1a Sharing of genetic/biological data and materials beyond influenza

Score: 0

There is no publicly available plan or policy in South Sudan for sharing genetic data, epidemiological data, clinical specimens and/or isolated specimens with international organisations and/or other countries.

In 2023, South Sudan published an information sharing protocol. ⁷³⁵ This protocol acknowledges that 'disease outbreak data (e.g. Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response data (IDSR)/ epidemiological data' is moderately sensitive. Data access should therefore be restricted, and only shared based on clearly specified standard. ⁷³⁶ However, this protocol does not specify how, when, with whom, and what data should or should not be shared.

No evidence is available via the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. ⁷³⁷⁷³⁸ The National Public Health Institute does not have a website.

5.6.1b Evidence of non-compliance with sample sharing element of PIP framework

Score: 100

There is no public evidence that the country has not shared samples in accordance with the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) framework in the past two years.

The South Sudan Center for Strategic and Policy Studies, a non-profit organization, advocates for a robust pandemic influenza preparedness plan, but does not dispute that samples have not been shared. ⁷³⁹

There is no information about the PIP framework on the Ministry of Health. ⁷⁴⁰ The National Public Health Institute does not have an active website.

5.6.1c Evidence of non-sharing of pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak

Score: 100

There is no public evidence that South Sudan has not shared pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak in the past two
years. No evidence is found via World Health Organization (WHO) resources as well as media reports. ⁷⁴¹⁷⁴²

Risk Environment

6.1 Political and security risk

6.1.1 Government effectiveness

6.1.1a Policy formation

Score: 0

6.1.1b Quality of bureaucracy

Score: 0

6.1.1c Excessive bureaucracy/red tape

Score: 0

6.1.1d Vested interests/cronyism

Score: 0

6.1.1e Corruption

Score: 8

6.1.1f Accountability of public officials

Score: 0

6.1.1g Human rights risk

Score: 0

6.1.2 Orderly transfers of power

6.1.2a Orderly transfers of power

Score: 0

6.1.3 Risk of social unrest

6.1.3a Risk of social unrest

Score: 0

6.1.4 Illicit activities by non-state actors

6.1.4a Risk of terrorism

Score: 0

6.1.4b Level of illicit arms flows within the country

Score: 50

6.1.4c Risk of organized criminal activity

Score: 0

6.1.5 Armed conflict

6.1.5a Presence or risk of armed conflict

Score: 0

6.1.6 Government territorial control

6.1.6a Government territorial control

Score: 0

6.1.7 International tensions

6.1.7a International tensions

Score: 0

6.2 Socio-economic resilience

6.2.1 Literacy

6.2.1a Adult literacy rate (15+ years old, both sexes)

Score: 28.08

6.2.2 Gender equality

6.2.2a UNDP Gender Inequality Index score

Score: 0

6.2.3 Social inclusion

6.2.3a Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%)

Score: 45.02

6.2.3b Share of employment in the informal sector

Score: 0

6.2.3c Coverage of social insurance programs (% of population)

Score: 0

6.2.4 Public confidence in government

6.2.4a Public confidence in government

Score: 0

6.2.5 Local media and reporting

6.2.5a Robust, open, diverse local media and reporting

Score: 0

6.2.6 Inequality

6.2.6a Gini coefficient

Score: 56

6.3 Infrastructure adequacy

6.3.1 Adequacy of road network

6.3.1a Adequacy of road network

Score: 0

6.3.2 Adequacy of airports

6.3.2a Adequacy of airports

Score: 0

6.3.3 Adequacy of power network

6.3.3a Adequacy of power network

Score: 0

6.4 Environmental risks

6.4.1 Urbanisation

6.4.1a Urban population (% of total population)

Score: 91.6

6.4.2 Land use

6.4.2a Change in forest area (percentage points)

Score: 76.33

6.4.3 Natural disaster risk

6.4.3a Natural disaster risk

Score: 0

6.5 Public health vulnerabilities

6.5.1 Access to quality healthcare

6.5.1a Total life expectancy (years)

Score: 14.31

6.5.1b NCD mortality rate

Score: 64.03

6.5.1c Population aged 65+

Score: 90.98

6.5.1d Tobacco use (% of adults)

Score: 0

6.5.1e Level of adult obesity (%)

Score: 95.47

6.5.1f Age-standardised prevalence of mental health disorders (per 100 000 people)

Score: 65.03

6.5.2 Access to potable water and sanitation

6.5.2a Access to potable water

Score: 39.92

6.5.2b Access to at least basic sanitation facilities

Score: 13.88

6.5.2c Percentage of health-care facilities with no access to any electricity supply

Score: 0

6.5.3 Public healthcare spending levels per capita

6.5.3a Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (PPP)

Score: 0.03

6.5.4 Trust in medical and health advice

6.5.4a Trust medical and health advice from the government

Score: 50

6.5.4b Trust medical and health advice from medical workers

Score: 50

Citations

WHO. WHO Costing and Budgeting Tool for National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance: Catalysing collaboration in South Sudan. 2023. [source].
Africa CDC. Peer-to-peer Learning on AMR Surveillance Takes South Sudan to South Africa. 2025. [source]
WHO. WHO Costing and Budgeting Tool for National Action Plans on Antimicrobial Resistance: Catalysing collaboration in South Sudan. 2023. [source].
Republic of South Sudan. 1 January 2020. “National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) [2020-2024]”. [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
World Health Organization. 15-20 October 2017. "Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan." [source].
Food and Agriculture Organization. 30 October 2024. "South Sudan Strengthens Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance with FAO's Support". [source].
Food and Agriculture Organization. 30 October 2024. "South Sudan Strengthens Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance with FAO's Support". [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Republic of South Sudan. 1 January 2020. “National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) [2020-2024]”. [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Food and Agriculture Organization. 30 October 2024. "South Sudan Strengthens Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance with FAO's Support". [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
World Health Organization. 15-20 October 2017. "Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan." [source].
Republic of South Sudan. 1 January 2020. “National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) [2020-2024]”. [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Food and Agriculture Organization. 30 October 2024. "South Sudan Strengthens Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance with FAO's Support". [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
World Health Organization. 15-20 October 2017. "Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of the Republic of South Sudan." [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. August 2018. "South Sudan Essential Medicines List (SSEML) 2018". [source].
Ministry of Health of the Republic of South Sudan. [source].
Otim, M.E., D.K. Demaya, A. Al Marzouqi, and J. Mukasa. October 2021. "Are Antibiotics Prescribed to Inpatients According to Recommended Standard Guidelines in South Sudan? A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in Juba Teaching Hospital". [source].
Republic of South Sudan. 1 January 2020. “National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) [2020-2024]”. [source].
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