Guinea-Bissau: Score Justification Summary

2026

1.1 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

1.1.1 AMR surveillance, detection and reporting

1.1.1a National plan for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has a national AMR plan for the surveillance, detection, and reporting of priority AMR pathogens.

In 2023, the National Institute of Public Health published the National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2023–2028 (Plano de Ação Nacional Contra a Resistência Antimicrobiana 2023-2028). The plan outlines strategic interventions divided into three pillars: prevention, surveillance, and access to medication prescriptions, and assigns responsibility to the relevant institutions for each. Each intervention is given a priority level and estimated costs. The plan also describes the current state of antimicrobial resistance in the country and outlines the objectives and coordination mechanisms. ¹

Regarding surveillance, detection, and reporting, it establishes actions such as organizing monthly surveillance coordination committee meetings with other AMR sectors and focal points from sentinel sites to monitor AMR surveillance activities; creating an AMR database linked to DHIS2 for the systematic submission of confirmed AMR data; establishing communication mechanisms between sentinel sites and the coordination committee; and building capacity of the reference laboratory for genomic surveillance in the country (Page 29). ²

1.1.1b Capacity of national lab/lab system to test for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has a national laboratory/laboratory system which tests for all priority AMR pathogens.

According to the Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey 2022 Country Report, Guinea-Bissau has one or more reference lab/s performing susceptibility testing for all 11 bacteria covered by the survey, including Salmonellae, Enterococcus, and Shigella (Page 6). ³

On the other hand, the National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2023–2028 (Plano de Ação Nacional Contra a Resistência Antimicrobiana 2023-2028) states that the country has few microbiology laboratories, and those that do exist operate with severe limitations due to a lack of reagents and materials needed to perform cultures and ensure biosafety. It adds that the absence of operational microbiology laboratories in the country capable of diagnosing microbial infections and guiding appropriate treatment for each type of infection means that doctors still have no alternative but to use antimicrobials arbitrarily. In this sense, one of the Plan’s actions is to establish a National Reference Laboratory for AMR supported by a network of laboratories across the country (Page 5). ⁴

1.1.1c National environmental surveillance for AMR residues/organisms

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau conducts environmental detection or surveillance activities (e.g., in soil, waterways) for antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms. No evidence was found on the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ⁵⁶

The National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2023–2028 (Plano de Ação Nacional Contra a Resistência Antimicrobiana 2023–2028) includes, as one of its actions, the quarterly monitoring of AMR surveillance data for human and animal health, as well as the environment (page 27). ⁷ However, there is no evidence that this monitoring is currently being implemented on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ⁸⁹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, does not mention environmental detection or surveillance activities, but does state that the country has weak detection and surveillance capacity overall (page 24). ¹⁰ In addition, the Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey 2022 Country Report notes that Guinea-Bissau does not have a system for the regular monitoring of antimicrobial compounds, their metabolites (or residues), or resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in water quality (page 5). ¹¹

1.1.2 Antimicrobial control

1.1.2a National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (humans)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national legislation or regulation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for humans. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ¹²¹³

The National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2023–2028 (Plano de Ação Nacional Contra a Resistência Antimicrobiana 2023–2028) does not mention any prescription legislation nor set the creation of one as a goal. However, regarding human health, it does establish the objective of improving the quality of medicine prescribing and patient treatment outcomes, thereby reducing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In this context, it outlines actions such as defining prescription criteria for each professional category and restricting the prescription and access to last-line antimicrobials to national infectious disease specialists (page 28). ¹⁴

The Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey 2022 Country Report notes that Guinea-Bissau does not have laws or regulations on prescription and sale of antimicrobials for human use (page 9). ¹⁵

1.1.2b National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (animals)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national legislation or regulation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for animals. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ¹⁶¹⁷ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁸

The National Action Plan Against Antimicrobial Resistance 2023–2028 (Plano de Ação Nacional Contra a Resistência Antimicrobiana 2023–2028) does not mention any prescription legislation nor set the creation of one as a goal. However, regarding animal health, it does establish the objective of improving the quality of medicine prescribing and patient treatment outcomes, thereby reducing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In this context, it includes, as an action, the definition of prescription criteria for each veterinary professional category (page 30). ¹⁹

The Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey 2022 Country Report notes that Guinea-Bissau does not have laws or regulations on prescription and sale of antimicrobials for animal use (page 9). ²⁰

1.2 Zoonotic disease

1.2.1 National planning for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.1a Laws/plans on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has national legislation, plans, or equivalent strategy documents on zoonotic disease. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ²¹²² The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ²³

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, recommends that the country develop a national infectious disease surveillance strategy, including priority epidemic diseases and zoonotic diseases. According to the document, Guinea-Bissau has no in-country capacity to detect, report, and respond to a possible emerging threat from zoonotic diseases (page 51). ²⁴

The only document on zoonotic disease available online is the National Strategic Plan to Prevent and Combat Avian Influenza, published in 2006 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Public Health. The plan outlines a comprehensive set of measures to prevent and combat the zoonotic disease, also recognizing its potential risk to human health. However, the plan does not include a defined time frame ²⁵, and no updates to it have been found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. ²⁶²⁷²⁸ The National Strategic Plan for Malaria 2023–2027 is not available online, so it is not possible to determine whether it addresses the zoonotic form of the disease. ²⁹³⁰`

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not include actions specifically focused on zoonotic diseases. However, it classifies rabies and Hansen’s disease as neglected tropical diseases and foresees the development of a National Strategic Plan to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases 2023–2027 (page 78). ³¹ No evidence that this plan was developed was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ³²³³

Published in 2015, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) is a ten-year vision to guide the country’s development, with a detailed operational phase spanning 2015–2020. The document foresees the implementation of a plan to combat animal diseases (page 145). ³⁴ However, no evidence that this plan was developed was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ³⁵³⁶

1.2.1b Laws/plans on zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has national legislation, plans or equivalent strategy document(s) which includes measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ³⁷³⁸ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ³⁹

The National Strategic Plan to Prevent and Combat Avian Influenza, published in 2006 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Public Health, includes measures to prevent the spillover and infections, such as providing appropriate disinfectants, and cleaning and disinfecting the infected area and equipment (page 12). The plan does not define a time frame, and no updates to it have been found. ⁴¹⁴²⁴³⁴⁴ The National Strategic Plan for Malaria 2023–2027 is not available online, so it is not possible to determine whether it addresses the zoonotic form of the disease. ⁴⁵⁴⁶ However, the most recent Strategic Plan for Malaria available online, covering 2006 to 2010, and the National Policy Against Malaria, published in 2018, do not address the zoonotic form. ⁴⁷⁴⁸

1.2.1c Laws/plans for surveillance & control of multiple zoonotic pathogens

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has national legislation, plans, or guidelines that account for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens of public health concern. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁹⁵⁰ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁵¹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not include actions for surveillance and control of zoonotic pathogens. ⁵³ Published in 2015, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) presents a ten-year vision to guide the country’s development, with a detailed operational phase covering 2015–2020. The document foresees the implementation of a plan to combat animal diseases and the establishment of an epidemiological surveillance system to monitor the development of all animal husbandry sectors, with a central role in the surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases (page 145). ⁵⁴ However, no evidence that these measures were implemented was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁵⁵⁶

The National Institute of Public Health publishes an Epidemiological Bulletin on an irregular basis, which sporadically includes information on zoonotic diseases. For instance, the most recent available bulletin, dated August 2023, covers monkeypox. ⁵⁷

1.2.1d Cross-ministerial department/agency/unit for zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a department, agency, or similar unit dedicated to zoonotic disease that functions across ministries. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁸⁵⁹

One coordination and communication mechanism the country does have is the Operational Center for Health Emergencies (COES), created in 2015 in response to the Ebola epidemic in neighboring Guinea. COES’s main objective is to strengthen coordination among actors in the public health emergency management system, having become the central body responsible for coordinating all health emergency response activities. However, COES is not focused on zoonotic diseases and, according to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity published by the World Bank, it operates without a dedicated physical space. As a result, COES functions as a virtual structure, which at times hinders its ability to physically convene and impedes decision-making efficiency. ⁶⁰

Additionally, according to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation 2019 Report, the country has a National Multisectoral Coordination Committee for Zoonotic Diseases that meets biweekly at COES. ⁶¹ No further information about the Committee was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁶²⁶³

1.2.1e Presence of One Health strategic plan

Score: 0

Guinea-Bissau does not currently have a national One Health strategic plan in place. ⁶⁴ A 2024 assessment of the country's pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response capacity by the World Bank recommends that he country develop a One Health national strategic plan and conduct an IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshop. ⁶⁵

1.2.2 Surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.2a Surveillance/reporting mechanism for zoonotic disease for livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national mechanism (either voluntary or mandatory) for owners of livestock to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶⁶⁶⁷ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁶⁸

Published in 2015, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025: Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) does not mention such a mechanism but states that the country should establish an epidemiological surveillance system to monitor livestock, focusing on the prevention and control of communicable diseases. The plan envisions that this system will play a key role in the oversight and control of local livestock sectors, being supported by a well-equipped, accredited laboratory with trained personnel, providing diagnostic capacity, disease prevention guidance, and vaccines for livestock breeders. ⁶⁹ No evidence of such a mechanism was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health, or the Ministry of Agriculture’s Facebook page. ⁷⁰⁷¹⁷²

Furthermore, according to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity published by the World Bank, early warning systems in Guinea-Bissau are unreliable, lacking clarity at various levels, and insufficiently resourced at all levels to successfully conduct surveillance including data collection, data analysis, and reporting for both human and animal diseases. Additionally, the World Bank’s Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) Project, which aimed to strengthen national surveillance and reporting systems, faced several challenges in Guinea-Bissau, and many of its activities were not implemented before the project closed in 2023. ⁷³

1.2.2b Laws/regulations on data confidentiality to protect livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulations that safeguard the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals (for owners). No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁷⁴⁷⁵ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁷⁶

1.2.2c Wildlife zoonotic disease surveillance

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau conducts surveillance of zoonotic disease in wildlife, poultry and livestock. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁷⁷⁷⁸ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁷⁹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not include actions for surveillance of zoonotic disease. ⁸¹ Published in 2015, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) presents a ten-year vision to guide the country’s development, with a detailed operational phase covering 2015–2020. The document foresees the establishment of an epidemiological surveillance system to monitor the development of all animal husbandry sectors, with a central role in the surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases (page 145). ⁸² However, no evidence that these measures were implemented. ⁸³⁸⁴⁸⁵

1.2.3 International reporting of animal disease outbreaks

1.2.3a Annual reporting to OIE on zoonotic disease incidence

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report (2019) acknowledges that mechanisms for notifying diseases affecting public health do exist, and that semi-annual and annual reports are submitted to the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), based on data generated by the epidemiological surveillance system. However, it also highlights the absence of a well-defined communication plan with standard operating procedures for national focal points. Therefore, according to the report, the country does not have an efficient notification system for WOAH and one of the priority actions recommended is the implementation of an effective reporting system for priority diseases and public health emergencies (Pages 35 and 36). ⁸⁶

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank states that the country is insufficiently resourced at all levels to conduct reporting for both human and animal diseases successfully (Page 50) and does not mention reporting mechanisms to the WOAH. ⁸⁷

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) and the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) do not address any reporting mechanism. ⁸⁸⁸⁹ No further information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁹⁰⁹¹ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁹²

1.2.4 Animal health workforce

1.2.4a Number of veterinarians per 100,000 people

Score: 5.1

1.2.4b Number of veterinary para-professionals per 100,000 people

Score: 4.26

1.2.5 Private sector and zoonotic disease

1.2.5a Inclusion of private sector in national plan/law on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has national legislation, plans, or equivalent documents on zoonotic disease. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁹³⁹⁴ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁹⁵

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not include actions specifically focused on zoonotic diseases. However, it classifies rabies and Hansen’s disease as neglected tropical diseases and foresees the development of a National Strategic Plan to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases 2023–2027 (page 78). ¹⁰¹ No evidence that this plan was developed was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. Additionally, the National Health Development Plan does not include mechanisms for working with the private sector. ¹⁰²¹⁰³

Published in 2015, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) is a ten-year vision to guide the country’s development, with a detailed operational phase spanning 2015–2020. The document foresees the implementation of a plan to combat animal diseases (page 145), although it does not mention collaboration with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses. ¹⁰⁴ However, no evidence that this plan was developed was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶

1.3 Biosecurity

1.3.1 Whole-of-government biosecurity systems

1.3.1a Updated national records of especially dangerous pathogen/toxin inventories

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a record, updated within the past five years, of the facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ¹⁰⁷¹⁰⁸ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁰⁹ The Ministry of Defence does not have a website or a Facebook page.

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the United Nations Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976; however, it has not submitted a Confidence-Building Measures (CBM) report. ¹¹⁰ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau mention a record of facilities. ¹¹¹ Likewise, the United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database states that no laws, regulations or other measures have been found regarding registration requirement for individuals or facilities. ¹¹²

The National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), published in 2008, focuses on genetically modified organisms. It aims to contribute to the safe application of biotechnology and the protection of the environment, as well as human, plant, and animal health, based on the precautionary approach defined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in order to comply with all relevant obligations of the Cartagena Protocol. The document does not mention the record of facilities. ¹¹³

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) do not address the issue. ¹¹⁴¹¹⁵

1.3.1b Biosecurity laws on facility security for especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has in place legislation and/or regulations related to biosecurity which address requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ¹¹⁶¹¹⁷ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹¹⁸ The Ministry of Defence does not have a website or a Facebook page.

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the United Nations Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976; however, it has not submitted a Confidence-Building Measures (CBM) report. ¹¹⁹ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau mention legislation and/or regulations related to biosecurity which address requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities. ¹²⁰ Likewise, the United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database does not list any such legislation. ¹²¹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 do not address the issue. ¹²²¹²³

1.3.1c Agency for enforcement of biosecurity laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an established agency (or agencies) responsible for the enforcement of biosecurity legislation and regulations. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity and National Institute of Public Health. ¹²⁴¹²⁵¹²⁶

The country has a National Biosafety Commission; however, it is focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as laid out in Decree-Law No. 2 of 11 July 2013 (article 4). ¹²⁷ Similarly, the National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), published in 2008, maintains this focus. It aims to contribute to the safe application of biotechnology and to the protection of the environment, as well as human, plant, and animal health, based on the precautionary approach defined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in order to comply with all relevant obligations of the Cartagena Protocol. ¹²⁸

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the United Nations Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976; however, it has not submitted a Confidence-Building Measures (CBM) report. ¹²⁹ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau mention any established agency or agencies responsible for enforcing biosecurity legislation and regulations. ¹³⁰

1.3.1d Consolidation of especially dangerous pathogens into minimum # of facilities

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ¹³¹¹³² The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹³³ The Ministry of Defence does not have a website or a Facebook page.

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the United Nations Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976; however, it has not submitted a Confidence-Building Measures (CBM) report. ¹³⁴ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau address actions to consolidate a minimum number of facilities dealing with especially dangerous pathogens and toxins. ¹³⁵ Likewise, the United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database does not list any such actions. ¹³⁶

The National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), published in 2008, focuses on genetically modified organisms. ¹³⁷ Furthermore, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 do not address the issue. ¹³⁸¹³⁹

1.3.1e Capacity to conduct tests for anthrax/Ebola without culturing live pathogens

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has in-country capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–based diagnostic testing for anthrax and/or Ebola, which would preclude culturing a live pathogen. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health, and academic publications. ¹⁴⁰¹⁴¹¹⁴²

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, notes that the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) still lacks the capacity to test for Ebola (page 29). The report highlights that, according to interviews, although the LNSP can test for anthrax, the country’s central animal health laboratory sent its samples to Dakar instead of utilizing the LNSP (page 45). ¹⁴³

Regarding the private sector, the Jean Piaget University’s laboratory is able to test for Ebola (page 44). ¹⁴⁴

1.3.2 Biosecurity training and practices

1.3.2a Biosecurity training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau requires biosecurity training, using a standardized, required approach, such as through a common curriculum or a train-the-trainer program, for personnel working in facilities housing or working with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ¹⁴⁵¹⁴⁶ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁴⁷ The Ministry of Defence does not have a website or a Facebook page.

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the United Nations Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976; however, it has not submitted a Confidence-Building Measures (CBM) report. ¹⁴⁸ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau address biosecurity training. ¹⁴⁹ The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database does not state that biosecurity training is required, pointing out, however, that INASA is empowered to provide scientific and technical training in biosafety and biosecurity by Decree-Law No. 12 of 2010, which established the institution. ¹⁵⁰ According to article 2, one of INASA’s attributions is to provide scientific and technical training in the areas under its competence. The Decree does not mention biosecurity. ¹⁵¹

Furthermore, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 do not address the issue. ¹⁵²¹⁵³

1.3.3 Personnel vetting: regulating access to sensitive locations

1.3.3a Personnel checks for permission to access to especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has regulations requiring security and other personnel with access to pathogens, toxins, or biological materials to undergo checks. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ¹⁵⁴¹⁵⁵

Besides focusing on genetically modified organisms, the National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), published in 2008, does not address checks for personnel. The Framework aims to contribute to the safe application of biotechnology and to the protection of the environment, as well as human, plant, and animal health, based on the precautionary approach defined in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in order to comply with all relevant obligations of the Cartagena Protocol. ¹⁵⁶

United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database states that no laws, regulations or other measures have been found on the topic of background checks for personnel. ¹⁵⁷ The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau mention checks for security and other personnel with access to pathogens, toxins, or biological materials. ¹⁵⁸

1.3.4 Transportation security

1.3.4a National transport regulations for Category A and B infectious substances

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has public information on national regulations on the safe and secure transport of infectious substances. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health, and Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ¹⁵⁹¹⁶⁰¹⁶¹

Neither the United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database nor the Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists any regulations on this issue. ¹⁶²¹⁶³ The National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), published in 2008, addresses only the transport of genetically modified organisms. ¹⁶⁴

1.3.5 Cross-border transfer and end-user screening

1.3.5a Laws/regulations on cross-border transfer and end-user screening

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulations in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health, and Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ¹⁶⁵¹⁶⁶¹⁶⁷

The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) National Implementation Measures Database lists two matters related to export, import, and transfer controls covered by national regulations. First, it is forbidden to introduce into the national territory organisms considered harmful to plants, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other plant pathogens (Article 8 of Decree-Law No. 4/99 on Plant Quarantine). Second, the importation of hazardous waste, including toxic and infectious waste, is expressly prohibited (Article 27 of Law No. 1/2011, which approves the Basic Legislation on the Environment). ¹⁶⁸
While not prohibited and not pathogenic, cross-border transfer of pesticide products made primarily of active substances is also controlled. In this context, Decree-Law No. 1, A/91 of April 1 establishes a registration system for plant protection products, which are subject to prior authorization and phytosanitary protection measures aimed at preventing the introduction into the country of harmful organisms to plants or plant-derived products. Although the Decree-Law is not available online, it is mentioned in the National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety. ¹⁶⁹ Decree-Law No. 2 of 11 July 2013, regarding the use of modern biotechnology and the circulation, manipulation, marketing, and dissemination of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), does not focus on pathogens but only establishes that GMO products require an import license (Article 18). ¹⁷⁰
The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website do not list any regulations on this issue. ¹⁷¹

1.4 Biosafety

1.4.1 Whole-of-government biosafety systems

1.4.1a Biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has biosafety legislation and/or regulations.

The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database notes that the country has various laws establishing measures potentially relevant to the control of activities involving biological agents and toxins. These include Decree-Law No. 4/99 on Plant Quarantine, which introduces measures to combat organisms considered harmful to plants, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other pathogens; Decree-Law No. 12/2010, which establishes INASA, an institution empowered to provide laboratory reference services to the National Health Service for the prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases, as well as to offer scientific and technical training in its areas of expertise; Resolution No. 30/2005, which implements the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety within the national territory; and the National Biotechnology and Biosafety Framework of Guinea-Bissau, which is relevant for regulating safety measures related to genetically modified organisms. ¹⁷² These regulations, however, are not available online.

Additionally, Decree-Law No. 2 of 11 July 2013, regulates the use of modern biotechnology and the circulation, manipulation, marketing, and dissemination of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), covering biosafety only within this frame. ¹⁷³ Finally, the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) foresees the creation of a Biosafety Guide (page 79). However, no evidence of its creation was found. ¹⁷⁴¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶

1.4.1b Agency for enforcement of biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an agency responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health (INASA), Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity, and United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database. ¹⁷⁷¹⁷⁸¹⁷⁹¹⁸⁰

The country has a National Biosafety Commission; however, it is focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as laid out in Decree-Law No. 2 of 11 July 2013 (article 4). Likewise, the document establishes that the competent authority for biosafety related to GMOs is the government body responsible for the Environment (article 3). ¹⁸¹

1.4.2 Biosafety training and practices

1.4.2a Biosafety training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau requires biosafety training, using a standardized, required approach, such as through a common curriculum or a train-the-trainer program, for personnel working in facilities housing or working with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ¹⁸²¹⁸³ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁸⁴ The Ministry of Defence does not have a website or a Facebook page.

In 2025, technicians from Guinea-Bissau participated in a training on best practices for managing animal health emergencies, offered by the Food and Agriculture Organization, that included biosafety. In addition to biosafety, the training aimed to strengthen veterinary systems in terms of control and response to animal health emergencies. ¹⁸⁵

The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) website lists key legislation for several countries, including Guinea-Bissau. However, none of the documents listed for Guinea-Bissau address biosafety training. ¹⁸⁶ The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database does not state that biosafety training is required, pointing out, however, that INASA is empowered to provide scientific and technical training in biosafety and biosecurity by Decree-Law No. 12 of 2010, which established the institution. ¹⁸⁷ According to article 2, one of INASA’s attributions is to provide scientific and technical training in the areas under its competence. The Decree does not mention biosafety. ¹⁸⁸

1.5 Dual-use research and culture of responsible science

1.5.1 Oversight of dual-use research

1.5.1a Evidence of national assessment of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ¹⁹¹¹⁹² The Ministry of Education does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁹³

According to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028), although the country formally possesses a Coordination Unit for Health Studies and Research, it has never been fully institutionalised. Consequently, research activities have been conducted through the Bandim Health Project and the National Public Health Laboratory, being later institutionalised with the creation of INASA. The Plan does not set any action for dual-use research. ¹⁹⁴ Likewise, the Guinea-Bissau 2025: Strategic and Operational Plan 2015–2020 “Terra Ranka” (Guiné-Bissau 2025 Plano Estratégico e Operacional 2015-2020 “Terra Ranka”) does not cover dual-use research. ¹⁹⁵

1.5.1b National law/regulation on oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulation requiring oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ¹⁹⁶¹⁹⁷ The Ministry of Education does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ¹⁹⁸

The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database states that no laws, regulations or other measures have been found regarding a list of controlled biological agents and toxins oversight of life sciences dual-use research. ¹⁹⁹

1.5.1c Existence of agency responsible for oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an agency responsible for oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential and/or other dual-use research. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁰⁰²⁰¹ The Ministry of Education does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ²⁰²

On the other hand, although there is not sufficient information available regarding research with pathogens and toxins, and no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau requires oversight of such research, according to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028), health research, information, and communication are the responsibility of INASA. The document highlights, however, that the Institute's statute has not been implemented, and the budget allocation deficit also affects the implementation of its strategic plan. ²⁰³ Neither document is available online. ²⁰⁴²⁰⁵

Decree-Law No. 12 of 2010, which established INASA, includes among its functions the coordination and oversight of the definition and implementation of the National Health Research Agenda throughout the national territory; the encouragement of multidisciplinary and multisectoral research activities; the promotion of national research capacity in the health sciences; and the development of epidemiological research (article 2). ²⁰⁶

1.5.2 Screening requirements for providers of genetic material

1.5.2a Requirement to screen synthesised DNA against list prior to sale

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulation requiring the screening of synthesized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins before it is sold. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁰⁷²⁰⁸

The National Framework of Biotechnology and Biosafety (Quadro Nacional da Biotecnologia e Biosegurança), of March 2008, does not mention synthesized DNA or any derivative term. ²⁰⁹ The United Nations’ Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database states that no laws, regulations or other measures have been found regarding a list of controlled biological agents and toxins. ²¹⁰

1.6 Immunization

1.6.1 Vaccination rates

1.6.1a Immunization rate for humans (measles/MCV2)

Score: 0

1.6.1b Availability of vaccination figures for livestock (FMD) through OIE database

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence of official foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination figures for livestock in Guinea-Bissau through the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) database. ²¹¹

1.6.1c Equitablenature of national immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has a national immunization plans that includes provisions to ensure equitable distribution or strategies specifically aimed at addressing socioeconomic inequalities, geographic challenges, cultural or linguistic differences, and gender-related barriers to vaccination.

The National Immunization Strategy 2024–2028 aims to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases in Guinea-Bissau and to achieve universal health coverage by 2028. One of its key priorities is to ensure vaccination services are effective, efficient, resilient, and accessible to all, regardless of geographic location, age, socioeconomic status, or gender-related barriers. To this end, the strategy outlines actions such as: engaging communities and local administrative authorities in planning vaccination activities to tailor services to local needs; strengthening the capacity of health workers to develop equity-based microplans; and mapping hard-to-reach areas and disadvantaged communities (Pages 26 and 27). To ensure that all populations and communities value and consistently seek vaccination services, the strategy also includes: identifying, mobilising, and engaging populations from affluent urban areas, migrants, fishermen, and nomadic groups; and designing and disseminating diverse communication tools and materials (Pages 31 and 32). To strengthen the operational capacities of the structures at all levels for the implementation of vaccination activities, it includes measures such as strengthening mobile logistics (vehicles, motorcycles) at the central, regional, and health area levels for the optimal implementation of vaccination activities; acquiring 4 four-stroke motorboats for the transport, supervision, and distribution of vaccines in island areas; and acquiring a drone for vaccine transport (Page 26). ²¹²

The Action Plan for the Catch-Up Campaign for the Combined Measles and Rubella Vaccine, published in 2024, highlights that vaccination services in Guinea-Bissau are delivered through three main strategies: fixed vaccination posts located in health centers; outreach vaccination posts, which can be temporarily set up in schools, churches, mosques, and other locations to reach populated villages and satellite communities; and mobile vaccination posts, used in remote villages and rural communities where the population is very small and/or dispersed. The Plan also identifies challenges and outlines tailored planning and management strategies to overcome these obstacles, such as awareness-raising, training, and the involvement of religious leaders from the Muslim and Apostolic sects as advocates and mobilizers within their communities. ²¹³

The National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 does not provide further details on an immunization plan but outlines the intention to develop a review report of the National Strategic Vaccination Plan and to create a National Immunization Strategy. It also emphasizes that the Expanded Programme on Immunization is one of the country’s main health programs, ensuring adherence to the vaccination schedule in line with national and international technical and scientific recommendations. ²¹⁴

1.6.1d Vaccine hesitancy and build public trust coverage in vaccines in national immunization strategy/plans

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau's national immunization plan includes measures to address vaccine hesitancy and build public trust in vaccines.

The National Immunization Strategy 2024–2028 aims to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases in Guinea-Bissau and to achieve universal health coverage by 2028. To combat fake news and hesitancy, the strategy includes actions such as developing tailored approaches for populations in urban areas, celebrities, and other communities that are reluctant to vaccinate, ensuring continuous and sustainable communication about vaccination through various media channels (social media, television, radio, press), and developing a mechanism to collect and respond to prejudices, negative attitudes and rumors about vaccination (Pages 29 and 32). ²¹⁵

The Action Plan for the Catch-Up Campaign for the Combined Measles and Rubella Vaccine, published in 2024, identifies several challenges for immunization, including low community involvement in vaccination services and the spread of misinformation and fake news. To address these issues, the Plan outlines strategies such as local communication through town criers, mobilization of relay agents, advocacy efforts, involvement of community centers and local area representatives, and participation of the private health sector (Page 68). ²¹⁶

No measures were found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, or the Immunization and Epidemiological Surveillance Service. ²¹⁷²¹⁸²¹⁹

1.6.1e National advisory group for immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has a national advisory group that provides technical guidance and advice on the immunization strategy/plan to the government.

According to the National Immunization Strategy 2024-2028, the Technical Committee on Immunization (CTV) serves as a deliberative body and provides technical support for the training of national vaccine authorities and decision-makers, including for the development of regulatory procedures and policies for vaccine regulation and approval (Page 15). The document does not specify when the CTV was established, and no further information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ²²⁰²²¹²²² The website of the Immunization and Epidemiological Surveillance Service of Guinea-Bissau provides CTV meeting minutes only for 2023. ²²³

Furthermore, according to the National Immunization Strategy 2024-2028 and the Action Plan for the 2024 Catch-Up Campaign for the Combined Measles and Rubella Vaccine, the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) was established in March 2023. It is composed of 13 specialists, along with representatives from the government’s technical and financial partners. Its role is to support the Ministry of Public Health by providing scientific advice and recommendations to guide the definition and implementation of national immunization policies and strategies. ²²⁴²²⁵

1.6.1f Presence of an immunization programme for influenza

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an immunization program for influenza or that seasonal flu vaccines are accessible. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, or the Immunization and Epidemiological Surveillance Service. ²²⁶²²⁷²²⁸

National Immunization Strategy 2024-2028 and the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 do not address influenza. ²²⁹²³⁰

The World Health Organization’s Immunization Data Dashboard has “Not Relevant” for most of its indicators, including influenza vaccine availability in the 2024 season/year. According to the data, the country created a formal national (governmental) influenza vaccination policy in 2020, however, in 2022, it went back to not having such a policy. ²³¹

A report on routine immunization data between 2018 and 2022, published by the Immunization and Epidemiological Surveillance Service, does not contain any data on influenza. ²³²

1.7 Climate change adaptation and vector transmission

1.7.1 Health system resilience

1.7.1a Strategy/plan for resilience of health system

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a strategy or plan to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges that climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns pose, that includes the threat of infectious diseases. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, or the Ministry of Environment. ²³³²³⁴²³⁵

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, identifies that the lack of climate-readiness makes the country one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. ²³⁶ Likewise, the Country Climate and Development Report, published in 2024 by the World Bank, identifies human health as a crucial sector for adaptation, acknowledging that progress and/or efforts to improve the resilience of the sector continue to lag due to gaps in financing. ²³⁷

The National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 does not include actions for developing a resilient health system. ²³⁸ Guinea-Bissau’s 2024 Biennial Transparency Report to the United Nations notes that the country does not yet have a Long-Term Strategy and that a National Adaptation Plan is currently being prepared. ²³⁹

Early Detection

2.1 Laboratory systems strength and quality

2.1.1 Lab capacity for detecting priority diseases

2.1.1a Capacity of national lab system to conduct 5 or more WHO core tests

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a laboratory system that has the capacity to conduct diagnostic tests for at least 5 of the 10 WHO-defined core tests. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ²⁴⁰²⁴¹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) confirms that the country conducts tests for HIV, microscopy for tuberculosis, and rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. ²⁴² The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, notes that the National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP) performs testing for Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. ²⁴³ A 2023 news report also confirms that the country conducts influenza testing that differentiates between influenza A and B viruses, although it does not clarify whether this is done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ²⁴⁴

2.1.1b Plan to conduct testing during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national plan or similar document for conducting testing during a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ²⁴⁵²⁴⁶

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) addresses the preparation for and management of public health interventions in disaster situations, such as epidemics; however, it does not outline specific actions or describe how the response would be implemented. ²⁴⁷ The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, identifies viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infectious diseases as major risks for the country. However, it does not address testing. ²⁴⁸

2.1.2 Laboratory quality systems

2.1.2a Existence of an accredited national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national laboratory that serves as a reference facility which is accredited. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ²⁴⁹²⁵⁰ Furthermore, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, states that the country has no accredited laboratories. ²⁵¹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) foresees the creation of a Strategic Plan for the Health Laboratory Network for 2023–2028 (page 63); however, it does not mention accreditation. ²⁵² There is no publicly available evidence that this plan has been developed. ²⁵³²⁵⁴

2.1.2b External quality assurance of a national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau's National Laboratory of Public Health is a reference laboratory which is subject to external quality assurance review. According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation 2019 Report, the LNSP is registered on the External Quality Assessment program of the National Institute for Communicable Diseases/World Health Organization (page 30). ²⁵⁵

2.2 Laboratory supply chains

2.2.1 Specimen referral and transport system

2.2.1a Nationwide specimen transport system

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a specimen transport system; however, it is not functioning effectively.

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, highlights that although a specimen referral and transport system exists, it is inefficient and highly unreliable, particularly in rural areas (pages 6 and 52). The report describes specimen transport as a chronic weakness due to poor transportation infrastructure (page 29) and limited availability of transport (page 48). It recommends strengthening the specimen referral and transport system by assessing existing capacities and needs, developing standard operating procedures, and training healthcare workers and other relevant personnel (page 8). ²⁵⁶

The National Laboratory of Public Health (LNSP) maintains a rapid response team (RRT) composed of five bacteriologists and a driver, who are deployed to health regions for sample collection and transport during outbreaks. However, this team structure presents challenges when samples need to be collected from multiple regions simultaneously. Although the National Institute of Public Health has its own national RRT and supports LNSP with sample collection and transport, their processes are generally considered unreliable (page 48). ²⁵⁷

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not address the issue. ²⁵⁸

2.2.2 Laboratory cooperation and coordination

2.2.2a Plan to rapidly authorize/license laboratories to scale-up testing during an outbreak

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁵⁹²⁶⁰

The National Health Development Plan III (2023–2028) anticipates the development and establishment of a statute governing the functioning of the response network and its stakeholders, including, among other aspects, the laboratory network and the mobile laboratory. ²⁶¹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reports that laboratories are severely underequipped, and that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the best-equipped laboratory in the country, owned by a private institution, lacked reagents for testing SARS-CoV-2 virus. The assessment recommends INASA, with support from Ministry and other key stakeholders, to form a public-private partnership model for the procurement of essential testing supplies and reagents. ²⁶²

2.3 Real-time surveillance and reporting

2.3.1 Indicator and event-based surveillance and reporting systems

2.3.1a Evidence of ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis

Score: 50

There is limited evidence that Guinea-Bissau is conducting indicator-based surveillance (IBS) and analysis for notifiable diseases. However, no evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health that the country conducts event-based (EBS) surveillance on a daily basis. ²⁶³²⁶⁴

The National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 does not mention EBS, but it reports that the country has a constant data flow from epidemiological surveillance. According to the document, although the data is sometimes of limited quality, it enables the detection of measles outbreaks, COVID-19 cases, and laboratory testing (Page 50). ²⁶⁵

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, recommends strengthening existing IBS and establishing EBS for priority diseases (Page 8). It also advises the development of a national infectious disease surveillance strategy, including the creation of guidelines and standard operating procedures for both IBS and EBS (Page 8). ²⁶⁶

INASA has published Epidemiological Bulletins on its website covering the years 2021 to 2023. However, besides the limited timeframe, their publication frequency has declined significantly over time: weekly in 2021, only four editions in 2022, and just one in 2023. The content of these bulletins also varies, but most report the number of notified cases for diseases such as cholera, dysenteries, measles, whooping cough, meningitis, yellow fever, non-seasonal influenza, hemorrhagic fever, anthrax, and rabies. ²⁶⁷

2.3.1b Evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO, however, there is no information about timelines.

According to the WHO’s Joint External Evaluation, conducted in 2019, mechanisms exist for reporting diseases that affect public health in the country, particularly those considered priority diseases. However, there is no system in place for reporting foodborne diseases caused by chemical or radiological agents, and reporting of microbiological risks is inconsistent. In the human health sector, the National Focal Point for the International Health Regulations (IHR) maintains close communication with the WHO. ²⁶⁸ No further information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁶⁹²⁷⁰

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not address this issue. ²⁷¹ The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, refers only to a reporting system from INASA to the presidential office (page 33). ²⁷²

The last publicly available record of Guinea-Bissau reporting an infectious disease to the WHO dates back to September 2008, concerning a cholera outbreak. ²⁷³ Prior to that, there is another notifications in 2005, also for cholera. However, this was part of broader notifications covering the West African region, including Guinea-Bissau, in September of that year. ²⁷⁴²⁷⁵

2.3.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting systems

2.3.2a Electronic national and sub-national reporting surveillance system

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an electronic reporting surveillance system that collects ongoing or real-time laboratory data. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁷⁶²⁷⁷

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, disease surveillance in the country remains largely paper-based, with limited use of the District Health Information System (DHIS2) or other electronic tools (Page 7_. Although all health centers have electronic tablets for real-time reporting, many devices are no longer functional or staff are not adequately trained to use them (Page 50). The report also states that there is no online database for recording laboratory test results (Page 45). Furthermore, according to the Assessment, while INASA collects and reports epidemiological data, this information is difficult to access (Page 51). ²⁷⁸ No information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and INASA regarding where the data is reported ²⁷⁹²⁸⁰. The INASA website hosts only Epidemiological Bulletins, which cover the period from 2021 to 2023. However, their frequency has decreased significantly over time: weekly in 2021, only four editions in 2022, and just one in 2023. ²⁸¹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) highlights that electronic data recording is currently limited to specific national programs, such as those for tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS (Page 52). ²⁸² In 2024, Guinea-Bissau’s largest hospital was reportedly in a state of collapse due to multiple issues, including a lack of paper to record patient information. ²⁸³

In 2025, the government launched the National Strategy for Digital Transformation for Guinea-Bissau 2025–2030, aiming to transform the country into a more digitally integrated society. The strategy outlines six strategic objectives and 55 interventions, some of which address the health sector. In this context, it envisions an integrated program for data collection, processing, and analysis, to be developed in coordination with INASA. ²⁸⁴

2.3.2b Collection of ongoing/real-time lab data by electronic surveillance system

Score: 0

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, disease surveillance in the country remains largely paper-based, with limited use of the District Health Information System (DHIS2) or other electronic tools (Page 7_. Although all health centers have electronic tablets for real-time reporting, many devices are no longer functional or staff are not adequately trained to use them (Page 50). The report also states that there is no online database for recording laboratory test results (Page 45). Furthermore, according to the Assessment, while INASA collects and reports epidemiological data, this information is difficult to access (Page 51). ²⁸⁷ No information was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and INASA regarding where the data is reported ²⁸⁸²⁸⁹. The INASA website hosts only Epidemiological Bulletins, which cover the period from 2021 to 2023. However, their frequency has decreased significantly over time: weekly in 2021, only four editions in 2022, and just one in 2023. ²⁹⁰

In 2025, the government launched the National Strategy for Digital Transformation for Guinea-Bissau 2025–2030, aiming to transform the country into a more digitally integrated society. The strategy outlines six strategic objectives and 55 interventions, some of which address the health sector. In this context, it envisions an integrated program for data collection, processing, and analysis, to be developed in coordination with INASA.

2.3.3 Wastewater surveillance

2.3.3a National wastewater surveillance programme or initiative

Score: 50

There is evidence of some wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) activity within Guinea-Bissau. The WHO and GPEI Q4 2025 Polio ES Bulletin lists the country as having 6 ES sites as of Q4 in 2025, although it is unclear whether these are at the national level and are ongoing.²⁹²

2.4 Surveillance data accessibility and transparency

2.4.1 Coverage and use of electronic health records

2.4.1a Common usage of electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that electronic health records are commonly in use in Guinea-Bissau. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁹³²⁹⁴

According to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028), clinical data recording continues to rely on paper across health centers, regional hospitals, and national referral hospitals. All paper forms and reports from the National Health Information System are later digitized at the regional health directorates. The plan highlights a proposal for a pilot introduction of an electronic clinical record system in the pediatrics and maternity departments of Simão Mendes National Hospital. ²⁹⁵ However, no evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the INASA that this was implemented. ²⁹⁶²⁹⁷

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, notes that although each health center is equipped with electronic tablets for real-time reporting, many of these devices are no longer functional, and there is a shortage of trained staff to operate them. Poor internet connectivity is also identified as a major challenge for their operation. ²⁹⁸

2.4.1b Public health system access to individual electronic health records

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s public health system has access to electronic health records of individuals. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ²⁹⁹³⁰⁰

According to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028), the absence of a functional hospital information system remains a challenge (Page 52). The Plan emphasizes the need for a comprehensive, multisectoral national Health Information System capable of playing a central role in the production, promotion, and dissemination of health information (Page 51). The plan highlights a proposal for a pilot introduction of an electronic clinical record system in the pediatrics and maternity departments of Simão Mendes National Hospital (Page 52). ³⁰¹ However, no evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the INASA that this was implemented. ³⁰²³⁰³

2.4.1c Existence of data standards for health record data comparability

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau adheres to data standards that ensure the comparability of data. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ³⁰⁴³⁰⁵

According to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028), data collected by the health sector is often of low quality, and the aggregated data from health facilities is unreliable and incomplete (Page 52). Additionally, the Plan highlights the absence of a national information system capable of centralizing and horizontally integrating data flows from various subsystems into a standardized repository (Page 51). ³⁰⁶

2.4.2 Data integration between human, animal and environmental health sectors

2.4.2a Data sharing mechanisms

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has established mechanisms at the relevant ministries responsible for animal, human, and wildlife surveillance to share data. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health and the Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ³⁰⁷³⁰⁸³⁰⁹ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ³¹⁰

In 2025, the government launched the National Strategy for Digital Transformation for Guinea-Bissau 2025–2030, aiming to transform the country into a more digitally integrated society. The document recognizes the absence of a shared data framework as a critical bottleneck that hinders interoperability and the efficiency of government services, proposing the implementation of a comprehensive data harmonization strategy, enabling standardized data collection, storage, and exchange among ministries, as well as an interoperability framework between government agencies to reduce duplication and improve decision-making (Page 18). ³¹¹

2.4.3 Transparency of surveillance data

2.4.3a Availability of de-identified health surveillance data on disease outbreaks

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau made available de-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases publicly available only from 2021 to 2023. For current data there is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau maintains it publicly available. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health (INASA) and the Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ³¹²³¹³³¹⁴ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ³¹⁵

De-identified health surveillance data on infectious diseases were made publicly available online only until 2023 through INASA’s Epidemiological Bulletin. While the INASA website hosts Bulletins from 2021 to 2023, their frequency has decreased significantly over time: weekly in 2021, only four editions in 2022, and just one in 2023. The content of these bulletins also varies, but most report the number of notified cases for diseases such as cholera, dysenteries, measles, whooping cough, meningitis, yellow fever, non-seasonal influenza, hemorrhagic fever, anthrax, and rabies. ³¹⁶

2.4.4 Ethical considerations during surveillance

2.4.4a Confidentiality legislation/regulations for identifiable health information

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulations that safeguard the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health (INASA) and the Ministry of Environment and Biodiversity. ³¹⁷³¹⁸³¹⁹ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ³²⁰

Furthermore, according to the National Strategy for Digital Transformation for Guinea-Bissau 2025–2030, launched in 2025, the country does not yet have a Personal Data Protection Law; although a bill is currently under consideration by the National Assembly. The Strategy also emphasizes that government institutions should share their technological capacities, including equipment, services, and data, without compromising security and privacy. ³²¹

2.4.4b Inclusion of cyber protections in health data confidentiality law/regulation

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has legislation and/or regulations safeguarding the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities, include mention of protections from cyber attacks (e.g., ransomware). No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ³²²³²³

2.4.5 International data sharing

2.4.5a Cooperative commitments or agreements within regions

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has made a commitment via public statements, legislation, and/or a cooperative agreement to share surveillance data during a public health emergency with other countries in the region.

Guinea-Bissau is a State Party to the International Health Regulations, which supports global surveillance and information sharing with the WHO. ³²⁵ However, this framework necessitates the sharing of surveillance data with the WHO but does not specify provisions to share with other countries

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) does not mention any data-sharing agreements, referring only to patient evacuation agreements. ³²⁶ The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, includes regional, international, and cross-border cooperation as one of its guiding principles. According to the document, such cooperation facilitates the mobilization of aid to high-risk areas, the sharing of material and technical resources, and the avoidance of unnecessary duplication of scientific and technical research in critical zones. However, the Strategy does not address the sharing of surveillance data. ³²⁷

No further evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ³²⁸³²⁹

2.5 Case-based investigation

2.5.1 Case investigation and contact tracing

2.5.1a National support to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a system in place to provide support at the sub-national level to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ³³⁰³³¹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reports that during COVID-19, community health workers performed contact tracing, but those efforts did not continue beyond the first few weeks primarily because of resource challenges such as a shortage of health workers and testing capacity. The document recommends further strengthening the training of community health workers in contact tracing. ³³² The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, does not cover contact tracing. ³³³

2.5.1b Provision of wraparound services to enable self-isolation/quarantine as recommended

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau provides wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate or quarantine. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ³³⁴³³⁵

International organizations’ reports on the COVID-19 pandemic do not indicate that the government of Guinea-Bissau provided wraparound services specifically for individuals in quarantine. The only support measures mentioned, such as the distribution of rice and sugar and the expansion of targeted food assistance to more families, were broad in scope and not limited to those under quarantine. ³³⁶³³⁷³³⁸

2.5.2 Point of entry management

2.5.2a Strategy for tracing and quarantining international travelers

Score: 0

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, surveillance at points of entry (PoEs) and borders is minimal, as the country lacks the capacity for routine monitoring (Pages 42 and 50). ³⁴²

2.6 Epidemiology workforce

2.6.1 Existence of applied epidemiology training program such FETP and FETPV

2.6.1a Access to field epidemiology training program in country and/or abroad

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has an epidemiology training program; however, there is no publicly available evidence that resources are provided by the government to send citizens to another country to participate in applied epidemiology training programs.

Guinea-Bissau has had a Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) in place since 2016. ³⁴³ Implemented by the National Institute of Public Health, the program has received support from partners such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank. However, training has been offered on a limited and irregular basis. According to the 2024 World Bank Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, the program suffers from poor coordination regarding curricula and trainee management, leading to instances of duplicated content. Furthermore, the World Bank’s Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement (REDISSE) program, which had supported FETP, ended in 2023. ³⁴⁴

According to the National Institute of Public Health’s website, from 2016 to 2022, 15 cohorts of the Frontline FETP were held, training 208 professionals working in various health sectors across the country. The Advanced FETP trained an additional 11 professionals. ³⁴⁵ In 2023, the country held its 16th cohort of the Frontline FETP; no further cohorts have been reported since. ³⁴⁶

A 2023 academic study underscored the program’s dependence on foreign aid, identifying this reliance as one of the main challenges to achieving financial, operational, and technical sustainability. Nonetheless, within the Lusophone FETP Network, three Guinean medical professionals completed advanced FETP training in Brazil. In addition, Guinea-Bissau's FETP-Frontline has been a member of both the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET) and the Training Programs in Epidemiology and Public Health Interventions Network (TEPHINET) since 2017. This membership enables participation in regional conferences, access to technical support and funding, and opportunities to engage with peer programs. ³⁴⁷

2.6.1b Existence of field epidemiology training for animal health professionals

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau’s Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP) are explicitly inclusive of animal health professionals.

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, FETP trainings have included professionals from the human, animal, and environmental health sectors. However, the training content has been predominantly focused on human health, prompting the report to recommend the development of a dedicated FETP for animal health. ³⁴⁸

According to the National Institute of Public Health’s website, from 2016 to 2022, 15 cohorts of the Frontline FETP were held, training 208 professionals working in various health sectors across the country. The Advanced FETP trained an additional 11 professionals. ³⁴⁹ In 2023, the country held its 16th cohort of the Frontline FETP; no further cohorts have been reported since. ³⁵⁰

Similarly, a 2023 academic study highlighted that FETP-Frontline in Guinea-Bissau integrated training for both human and animal health professionals, contributing to opportunities for One Health coordination. Despite this, the study revealed a significant imbalance between sectors: from 2016 to 2019, 193 human health professionals graduated from the program, compared to just 5 animal health professionals. ³⁵¹ While the study did not provide more recent data, the World Bank reported that, as of May 2023, 280 health workers had completed the three-month basic FETP training and 15 had completed the nine-month intermediate training. These figures include participants from the human, animal, and environmental health sectors.

2.6.2 Epidemiology workforce capacity

2.6.2a Evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has at least one trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ³⁵²³⁵³

According to the World Bank, as of May 2023, 280 health workers had completed the three-month basic FETP training, and 15 had completed the nine-month intermediate training. ³⁵⁴ Based on the World Health Organization’s estimate that Guinea-Bissau had a population of 2.1 million in 2023, the country would meet the threshold, as there are approximately 28.1 field epidemiologists per 200,000 people. ³⁵⁵

Rapid Response

3.1 Emergency preparedness and response planning

3.1.1 National public health emergency preparedness and response plan

3.1.1a National emergency response plan for diseases with pandemic potential

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ³⁵⁶³⁵⁷

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) mentions the existence of a Strategic Plan for Epidemic Response; however, it does not specify when the plan was launched, and it is not publicly available online. ³⁵⁸³⁵⁹³⁶⁰ Furthermore, it identifies the absence of an institutional framework for rapid and coordinated response to health emergencies as an issue to be addressed. The Plan proposes several actions to improve public health emergency preparedness and response, including the development of regulations for a Health Emergency Operations Center; risk mapping and a national contingency plan for disaster and emergency management; standard operating procedures for emergency preparedness and response; and a strategic document for the prevention of priority epidemic and pandemic diseases (p. 67). ³⁶¹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, also recommends that the country develop a health emergency plan and a National Response Framework that clearly defines command structures, roles, and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders. ³⁶²

Although Guinea-Bissau adopted a National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management in 2013, which identifies infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal) as major national risks, it does not provide a dedicated emergency response plan for these specific threats. ³⁶³

3.1.1b National public health emergency response plan published in past 3 years

Score: 0

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) mentions the existence of a Strategic Plan for Epidemic Response; however, it does not specify when the plan was launched, and it is not publicly available online. ³⁶⁶³⁶⁷³⁶⁸ Furthermore, it identifies the absence of an institutional framework for rapid and coordinated response to health emergencies as an issue to be addressed. The Plan proposes several actions to improve public health emergency preparedness and response, including the development of regulations for a Health Emergency Operations Center; risk mapping and a national contingency plan for disaster and emergency management; standard operating procedures for emergency preparedness and response; and a strategic document for the prevention of priority epidemic and pandemic diseases (p. 67). ³⁶⁹

3.1.1c One health principles by covering multiple threat types

Score: 0

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028) mentions the existence of a Strategic Plan for Epidemic Response; however, it does not specify when the plan was launched, and it is not publicly available online. ³⁷⁴³⁷⁵³⁷⁶ Furthermore, it identifies the absence of an institutional framework for rapid and coordinated response to health emergencies as an issue to be addressed. The Plan proposes several actions to improve public health emergency preparedness and response, including the development of regulations for a Health Emergency Operations Center; risk mapping and a national contingency plan for disaster and emergency management; standard operating procedures for emergency preparedness and response; and a strategic document for the prevention of priority epidemic and pandemic diseases (p. 67). ³⁷⁷

3.1.1d Vulnerable populations in national public health emergency response plan

Score: 0

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management include considerations of health equity or mechanisms for identifying and addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. ³⁸²³⁸³ The Health Development Plan does, however, identify certain vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, newborns, and sick, malnourished, and immunocompromised adults. ³⁸⁴

3.1.2 Private sector involvement in response planning

3.1.2a Mechanism to engage private sector in outbreak preparedness/response

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a specific mechanism for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response.

No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ³⁸⁵³⁸⁶ Furthermore, neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management create such a mechanism. ³⁸⁷³⁸⁸

3.1.3 Non-pharmaceutical interventions planning

3.1.3a Policy/plan/guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a policy, plan, or guidelines in place for the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during an epidemic or pandemic. No such evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health ³⁸⁹³⁹⁰.

The National Health Development Plan III (2023–2028) does not reference any NPI-related policies or guidelines ³⁹¹. According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, the country implemented NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as contact tracing, promotion of handwashing and hygiene practices, and a mask-wearing mandate. However, there is no indication that these measures were part of a formal or established policy framework ³⁹².

3.2 Exercising response plans

3.2.1 Activating response plans

3.2.1a Completion of biological-focused IHR exercise with the WHO in past year

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national emergency response plan in place, therefore, there is no evidence that the country has activated their national emergency response plan for an infectious disease outbreak in the past year.

No evidence of a national emergency response plan or a disease outbreak in the past year was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ³⁹³³⁹⁴ According to the World Health Organization, the last infectious disease outbreak reported in Guinea-Bissau occurred in 2008. ³⁹⁵

Similarly, no evidence that the country has completed a national-level biological threat-focused exercise was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the national police. ³⁹⁶³⁹⁷ The Ministry of Defense does not have an official website, only a Facebook page. ³⁹⁸ According to the World Health Organization, the most recent simulation exercise involving Guinea-Bissau was conducted in 2021. ³⁹⁹

3.2.1b Evidence of bio-focused exercise to identify gaps/best practices

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has, in the past year, identified a list of gaps and best practices in response and developed a plan to improve response capabilities. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health or the national police. ⁴⁰⁰⁴⁰¹⁴⁰² The Ministry of Defense does not have an official website, only a Facebook page. ⁴⁰³ Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the last infectious disease outbreak reported in Guinea-Bissau occurred in 2008, while the most recent simulation exercise was conducted in 2021. ⁴⁰⁴⁴⁰⁵ WHO’s database also indicates that the country never conducted an after action review. ⁴⁰⁶

3.2.2 Private sector engagement in exercises

3.2.2a Evidence of national-level biological threat-focused exercise that includes private sector

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has, in the past year, undergone a national-level biological threat-focused exercise that has included private sector representatives. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health or the national police. ⁴⁰⁷⁴⁰⁸⁴⁰⁹ The Ministry of Defense does not have an official website, only a Facebook page. ⁴¹⁰ Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization, the most recent simulation exercise involving Guinea-Bissau was conducted in 2021. ⁴¹¹

3.3 Emergency response operation

3.3.1 Emergency response operation

3.3.1a Existence of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has an emergency operations center.

The Operational Center for Health Emergencies (COES) was created in 2015 in response to the Ebola epidemic in neighboring Guinea. COES’s main objective is to strengthen coordination among actors in the public health emergency management system, having become the central body responsible for coordinating all health emergency response activities. COES is part of the National Institute of Public Health and its structure is replicated in a decentralized manner in each health region. According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity published by the World Bank, it operates without a dedicated physical space. As a result, COES functions as a virtual structure, which at times hinders its ability to physically convene and impedes decision-making efficiency. ⁴¹²

No further information about COES activities was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ⁴¹³⁴¹⁴ The National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 states that, in recent years, the management of emergency situations has been multifaceted, involving the Government, Interministerial Commissions, COES, the High Commission for COVID-19, and INASA. ⁴¹⁵

A 2020 Facebook post from the Ministry of Health reports a COES meeting held to coordinate the actions of the government and its partners in preparing for and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴¹⁶ Similarly, a WHO newsreel from 2020 highlights efforts to strengthen COES in Guinea-Bissau, supported by consultancy from WHO experts. ⁴¹⁷

3.3.1b Requirement for EOC to conduct/evidence EOC conducts at least annual drills

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is required to conduct a drill for a public health emergency scenario at least once per year or is there evidence that they conduct a drill at least once per year. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴¹⁸⁴¹⁹

Moreover, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, notes that the Operational Center for Health Emergencies (COES) is considered a temporary structure that is reactivated during crises. This is partly due to the dual responsibilities and multiple roles held by the coordinator and other members (Page 34). However, it is unclear whether this assessment reflects the opinion of the World Bank or the Government of Guinea-Bissau. Such a structure presents challenges for proactive planning and preparedness between public health events. The report recommends conducting a simulation exercise to test the functionality of COES coordination mechanisms and suggests that COES could be strengthened through the development of an emergency activation plan (Page 40). ⁴²⁰

3.3.1c EOC activation within 120 minutes of identification of emergency/scenario

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC) has conducted, within the last year, a coordinated emergency response or emergency response exercise activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency/scenario. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴²¹⁴²²

3.4 Linking public health and security authorities

3.4.1 Public health and security authorities linked for a biological event

3.4.1a Joint exercise/procedures for potential deliberate biological events

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau meets any of the criteria. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health or the national police. ⁴²⁴⁴²⁵⁴²⁶ The Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development do not have an official website, only Facebook pages. ⁴²⁷⁴²⁸

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the simulation exercises involving Guinea-Bissau do not cover a deliberate biological event, but Ebola. ⁴²⁹⁴³⁰⁴³¹

Neither the WHO’s 2019 Joint External Evaluation nor the the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028, PNDS III) mentions procedures or agreements between the public health, animal health, the private sector and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event. ⁴³²⁴³³

3.5 Risk communication

3.5.1 Risk communication planning

3.5.1a Risk communication plan for specific use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a risk communication plan that is specifically intended for use during a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴³⁴⁴³⁵

Although there is no evidence of a health emergency response plan, the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sanitário 2023–2028, PNDS III) refers to the existence of a Strategic Plan for Epidemic Response; however, it does not specify when the plan was launched, and the document is not publicly available online. ⁴³⁶⁴³⁷⁴³⁸ Additionally, the Operational Center for Health Emergencies (COES) has developed a Strategic Plan of the Health Emergencies Operations Center of Guinea-Bissau 2021–2023, which includes objectives and planning for strengthening risk communication. ⁴³⁹ This plan, however, is also not publicly accessible. ⁴⁴⁰⁴⁴¹

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, the country applies a Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) approach. However, the absence of standard operating procedures and mechanisms to assess whether messages are effectively reaching their intended audiences has resulted in disorganized and ineffective communication during health emergencies. ⁴⁴²

PNDS III does not mention risk communication, while the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, highlights the need to improve communication strategies to ensure that information channels and procedures are clearly defined and reach key sectors and levels, especially during disasters. It outlines three strategic actions: assessment of the existing communication system; development of a strategy to strengthen this system; and implementation of the strategy. ⁴⁴³

3.5.1b Inclusion of different population & sector needs in risk communication plan

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a risk communication plan, or other document, outlining how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communications needs. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁴⁴⁴⁴⁵

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, risk communication lacks standard operating procedures and procedural guidance. Additionally, it is not clear if risk communication messaging reaches all health areas and if the populations are receptive to the communication. ⁴⁴⁶

3.5.1c Designation of a specific government spokesperson during a public health emergency

Score: 0

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (published in 2013) designates a specific position to serve as a primary spokesperson for public health emergencies. ⁴⁴⁹⁴⁵⁰ Similarly, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, states that INASA and the Operational Center for Health Emergencies (COES) are responsible for risk communication activities but does not identify a designated primary spokesperson. ⁴⁵¹

3.5.2 Public health systems communication

3.5.2a Government use of media platforms to share info on public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s public health system has actively shared messages via online media platforms (e.g. social media, website) to inform the public about ongoing public health concerns and/or dispel rumors, misinformation or disinformation.

The Ministry of Health’s official website is largely inactive, with minimal content available. ⁴⁵² Similarly, its Facebook page was last updated in January 2024, and the content does not relate to ongoing public health concerns or efforts to counter misinformation. ⁴⁵³

The National Institute of Public Health’s website had more activity up until the end of 2023. Furthermore, the Institute does not appear to maintain any social media presence. ⁴⁵⁴

3.5.2b Evidence that senior leaders have shared mis/disinformation on infectious diseases

Score: 100

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s senior leaders (president or ministers) have shared misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases in the past two years.

The President of Guinea-Bissau maintains an active online presence through the official presidency website and social media accounts on Facebook and Instagram. No evidence was found that he disseminated misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases through these platforms during this period. ⁴⁵⁵⁴⁵⁶⁴⁵⁷

Similarly, no such evidence was identified on the official websites of the Government and the National Broadcasting of Guinea-Bissau, or on social media channels. ⁴⁵⁸⁴⁵⁹

3.6 Access to communications infrastructure

3.6.1 Internet users

3.6.1a Percentage of households with Internet

Score: 26.25

3.6.2 Mobile subscribers

3.6.2a Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Score: 69.29

3.6.3 Female access to a mobile phone

3.6.3a Gender gap in access to a mobile phone (percentage points)

Score: 66.67

3.6.4 Female access to the Internet

3.6.4a Gender gap in access to the Internet (percentage points)

Score: 58.33

3.7 Trade and travel restrictions

3.7.1 Trade restrictions

3.7.1a Restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods (e.g. medicines, oxygen, medical supplies, PPE) due to an infectious disease outbreak. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁶⁰⁴⁶¹ Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization, the last infectious disease outbreak reported in Guinea-Bissau occurred in 2008. ⁴⁶²

3.7.1b Restrictions on movement and/or exports/imports due to disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods (e.g. food, textiles, etc) due to an infectious disease outbreak. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health and Ministry of Finance. ⁴⁶³⁴⁶⁴ Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization, the last infectious disease outbreak reported in Guinea-Bissau occurred in 2008. ⁴⁶⁵

3.7.2 Travel restrictions

3.7.2a Evidence of travel ban due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has implemented, in the past year, inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to an infectious disease outbreak. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁶⁶⁴⁶⁷

3.7.2b Risk-based approach to international travel-related measures

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau uses a risk-based approach to international travel-related measures. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁶⁸⁴⁶⁹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 make no mention of international travel-related measures. ⁴⁷⁰⁴⁷¹

Health System

4.1 Health capacity in clinics, hospitals and community care centers

4.1.1 Available human resources for the broader healthcare system

4.1.1a Doctors per 100,000 people

Score: 3.26

4.1.1b Nurses and midwives per 100,000 people

Score: 12.29

4.1.1c Updated health workforce strategy to address human resource shortfalls

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a health workforce strategy in place (which has been updated in the past five years) to identify fields where there is an insufficient workforce and strategies to address these shortcomings.

The National Plan for the Development of Human Resources for Health (PNDRHS) 2023–2032 presents a situational analysis of the country’s health workforce, identifying gaps in both the number of professionals across specialisations and their geographic distribution. To address these challenges, the plan outlines several actions, including: the improvement and harmonization of curriculum content to reflect the African context and the region’s epidemiological profile; the development of a job, career, and salary plan to enable more flexible redeployment of human resources for health based on objective criteria; the establishment of public recruitment processes as the preferred method for hiring; and the preparation and mobilization of financial resources to support the plan’s implementation (Pages 72 to 75). ⁴⁷²

4.1.1d Health system capacity for essential health services

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has sufficient capacity within the health system to deliver essential health services.

The Joint external evaluation of the International Health Regulations (8-12 July 2019) gives Guinea-Bissaue the lowest score for this measure, stating that while the COES communication subcommittee has strong ties with NGOs and partner entities, acting indirectly as an activation and mobilization system, there are many areas needing reinforcement and challenges. These include: many of the services necessary for the basic functioning of the national human and animal health system, which includes professionals at the diagnostic, surveillance, medical service provision levels, etc., are not available; the main challenges for the animal health sector relate to the lack of professionals in this area and also due to the fact that many professionals are reaching retirement age, with no immediate mechanism for their replacement; and in the animal area, there is no structured collaboration mechanism for mobilizing human resources.⁴⁷³

According to the World Health Organization, the doctor-to-population ratio in Guinea-Bissau is low, with only 2.52 medical doctors per 10,000 people. ⁴⁷⁴ The Harmonized Health Facility Assessment, published in 2023 by the Ministry of Health, highlights several deficiencies in the health system. For example, while the recommended number of hospital beds is 25 per 10,000 people, the regions in the country have as few as 0 to 13 beds per 10,000. The assessment also reports that, on average, only 42% of the country’s health facilities meet the basic conditions required to operate. Basic equipment availability is similarly limited, with only 54% of facilities having essential equipment, and just 1% equipped with all the items evaluated. According to the assessment, the figures underscore the urgent need for significant improvements across all areas of the health system, from infrastructure and workforce to service delivery and utilization. ⁴⁷⁵

4.1.1e Essential health services continuity plan for public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a plan to ensure continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁷⁶⁴⁷⁷

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (published in 2013) addresses the continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency. ⁴⁷⁸⁴⁷⁹ Both PNDS III and the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reference documents that may cover this topic; however, these documents are not publicly available online for consultation. They are, respectively, the Strategic Plan for Epidemic Response and the Strategic Plan of the Health Emergencies Operations Center of Guinea-Bissau 2021–2023. ⁴⁸⁰⁴⁸¹ At the same time, however, PNDS III acknowledges the importance of developing a national contingency and emergency plan for all forms of crisis and disaster, including health and nutrition emergencies. ⁴⁸²

4.1.2 Facilities capacity

4.1.2a Hospital beds per 100,000 people

Score: 22.85

4.1.2b In-country capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has the capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases in a biocontainment patient care unit and/or patient isolation room/unit located within the country. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁸³⁴⁸⁴

Neither the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 nor the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, refers to the country’s capacity to isolate patients. ⁴⁸⁵⁴⁸⁶

4.1.2c Demonstrated capacity / evidence of plan to expand isolation capacity

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has, in the past two years, demonstrated capacity to expand isolation capacity or has developed, updated or tested a plan to expand isolation capacity. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁸⁷⁴⁸⁸

According to the World Health Organization, the last infectious disease outbreak reported in Guinea-Bissau occurred in 2008. As a result, the Harmonized Health Facility Assessment, published in 2023 by the Ministry of Health, does not evaluate demonstrated capacity in response to disease outbreaks. However, the report indicates that the country has minimal operational capacity for tuberculosis isolation, with only 4% of health facilities having a dedicated isolation room. ⁴⁸⁹⁴⁹⁰

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (published in 2013) addresses isolation capacity. ⁴⁹¹⁴⁹²

4.2 Supply chain for health system and healthcare workers

4.2.1 Routine health care and laboratory system supply

4.2.1a National procurement protocol for the acquisition of routine laboratory/medical supplies

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national and/or international procurement protocol in place for the acquisition of laboratory supplies and medical supplies for routine needs. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁹³⁴⁹⁴ The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development does not have a website, only a Facebook page. ⁴⁹⁵

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 does not address procurement. ⁴⁹⁶ According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, the national committee responsible for managing the procurement of health products has not been functional, and there is no integrated inventory of health commodities at the national level. As a result, procurement is mainly carried out by external partners, such as United Nations agencies. ⁴⁹⁷

4.2.2 Stockpiling for emergencies

4.2.2a Stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency defined by the overarching national public health emergency response plan. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁴⁹⁸⁴⁹⁹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, highlights several supply chain challenges in the country. These include a lack of trained personnel to manage inventory and distribution, delayed procurement processes, limited transparency, poor quality of available health products, and the absence of an integrated inventory system for health commodities. As a result, the country experiences frequent stockouts and unreliable, delayed data on product availability, stock levels, and consumption, which hinders effective supply chain planning and management. The report recommends the development of a national procurement and deployment plan for health emergencies, covering the receipt, storage, and distribution of essential medicines and other health supplies. ⁵⁰⁰

4.2.2b Stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a stockpile of laboratory supplies (e.g. reagents, media) for national use during a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁰¹⁵⁰²

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, highlights several supply chain challenges in the country. These include a lack of trained personnel to manage inventory and distribution, delayed procurement processes, limited transparency, poor quality of available health products, and the absence of an integrated inventory system for health commodities (Pages 7 and 67). As a result, the country experiences frequent stockouts and unreliable, delayed data on product availability, stock levels, and consumption, which hinders effective supply chain planning and management (Pages 7 and 67). The report recommends the development of a national procurement and deployment plan for health emergencies, covering the receipt, storage, and distribution of essential medicines and other health supplies (Page 68). ⁵⁰³

In 2024, Guinea-Bissau’s largest hospital was reportedly in a state of collapse due to multiple systemic issues. In this context, its laboratory lacked the essential materials required to function, including reagents, basic kits, alcohol, gloves, screening tests, blood bags, and X-ray film. ⁵⁰⁴

4.2.2c Annual review of national stockpile to ensure sufficient supply

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau conducts or requires an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁰⁵⁵⁰⁶

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, highlights several supply chain challenges in the country. These include a lack of trained personnel to manage inventory and distribution, delayed procurement processes, limited transparency, poor quality of available health products, and the absence of an integrated inventory system for health commodities (Pages 7 and 67). As a result, the country experiences frequent stockouts and unreliable, delayed data on product availability, stock levels, and consumption, which hinders effective supply chain planning and management (Pages 7 and 67). The report recommends the development of a national procurement and deployment plan for health emergencies, covering the receipt, storage, and distribution of essential medicines and other health supplies (Page 68). ⁵⁰⁷

4.2.3 Manufacturing and procurement for emergencies

4.2.3a Plan/agreement to produce/procure medical supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau meets any of the listed criteria. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁰⁸⁵⁰⁹

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) mentions national production of oxygen, including plans to repair the main oxygen plants in Bissau and acquiring a new ones, and local medicine production, more specifically, a unit for producing IV fluids (glucose and sodium chloride) was established in the 1980s to supply the National Simão Mendes Hospital (HNSM) (Pages 31, 44 and 45). However, it does not mention a plan/agreement to leverage from their production. ⁵¹⁰ The PNDS III also acknowledges the ongoing medicine crisis and outlines key actions to address it, including updating the analysis of the pharmaceutical and health products sector, implementing the National Pharmaceutical Policy (initially defined in 2017 but never officially adopted), and developing the National Strategic Plan for Medicines and Other Essential Health Products II (Page 64). ⁵¹¹

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, recommends the development of a national procurement and deployment plan for health emergencies (Page 68). The report also highlights that the health sector supply chain in Guinea-Bissau is highly fragmented and poorly coordinated. Although the country has a national medicines procurement agency, the Central Store for Essential Medicines, with financial and administrative authority to purchase and distribute essential medicines and health products, it has failed to effectively manage the health supply chain, resulting in frequent stockouts (Page 67). ⁵¹²

None of these documents mentions a plan/mechanism to expedite medical supplies through points of entry. ⁵¹³⁵¹⁴

4.2.3b Plan/agreement to produce/procure lab supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reports that laboratories are severely underequipped, and that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the best-equipped laboratory in the country, owned by a private institution, lacked reagents for testing SARS-CoV-2 virus (Page 44). The assessment recommends INASA, with support from Ministry and other key stakeholders, to form a public-private partnership model for the procurement of essential testing supplies and reagents (Page 52). ⁵¹⁷

4.2.3c Mechanism emergency logistics and supply chain management

Score: 0

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (published in 2013) addresses mechanisms for national and subnational levels for emergency logistics and supply chain management. ⁵²⁰⁵²¹

Regarding emergency logistics, PNDS III foresees the creation of a Health Map to serve as the geographic charter of the national territorial health policy, describing the healthcare network by territorial unit (Page 61). It is intended to support decision-makers in planning service provision, including the implementation of mobile and outreach strategies, as well as responses to disease outbreaks and public health emergencies. However, no evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health indicating that this tool has been implemented. ⁵²²⁵²³⁵²⁴

4.3 Medical countermeasures and personnel deployment

4.3.1 System for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

4.3.1a Plan/program/guidelines for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a plan, program, or guidelines in place for dispensing medical countermeasures (MCM) for national use during a public health emergency (i.e., antibiotics, vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics). No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵²⁵⁵²⁶

Neither the National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028 (PNDS III) nor the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, refers to the country’s medical countermeasures capacities. ⁵²⁷⁵²⁸ Furthermore, PNDS III highlights the importance of developing a costed national contingency and emergency plan to be implemented for all types of crises and disasters, including health and nutrition emergencies. This plan should also identify and train a team of professionals for immediate response to health emergencies and enable the acquisition and pre-positioning of products and supplies in strategic areas to support emergency responses in health and nutrition. ⁵²⁹

4.3.2 System for receiving foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

4.3.2a Plan to receive foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau a plan in place to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency.

No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵³⁰⁵³¹ Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (published in 2013) covers workforce surge. ⁵³²⁵³³

According to the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, there was no formal workforce surge during the COVID-19 response. Instead, existing health professionals, such as doctors and laboratory staff, had to be repurposed to support screening and surveillance activities, which in turn hampered access to essential health services. ⁵³⁴⁵³⁵

4.3.2b Plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency

Score: 0

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS III) mentions national production of oxygem, including plans to repair the main oxygen plants in Bissau and acquiring a new ones, and local medicine production, more specifically, a unit for producing IV fluids (glucose and sodium chloride) was established in the 1980s to supply the National Simão Mendes Hospital (HNSM) (Pages 31, 44 and 45). However, it does not mention a plan/agreement to leverage from their production. ⁵³⁸ The PNDS III also acknowledges the ongoing medicine crisis and outlines key actions to address it, including updating the analysis of the pharmaceutical and health products sector, implementing the National Pharmaceutical Policy (initially defined in 2017 but never officially adopted), and developing the National Strategic Plan for Medicines and Other Essential Health Products II (Page 64). ⁵³⁹

None of these documents mentions a plan/mechanism to expedite medical supplies through points of entry. ⁵⁴¹⁵⁴²

4.3.2c Plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau a plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country.

No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁴³⁵⁴⁴ Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, addresses redeployment. ⁵⁴⁵⁵⁴⁶

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reports an ad‑hoc repurposing of staff during COVID‑19, but this was not part of a pre-established or official redeployment strategy. ⁵⁴⁷ Additionally, according to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation 2019 Report, the country has no capacity for medical countermeasures and personal deployment ⁵⁴⁸

The National Plan for the Development of Human Resources for Health (2023–2032) includes, among its proposed actions, the development of a job, career, and salary plan to enable more flexible redeployment of human resources for health based on objective criteria. However, this measure is not framed within the context of public health emergencies. ⁵⁴⁹

4.4 Healthcare access

4.4.1 Access to healthcare

4.4.1a Constitutional guarantee of citizens’ right to medical care

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s constitution explicitly guarantees citizens’ right to medical care.

The Constitution does not explicitly guarantee this right, stating only that public health aims to promote the physical and mental well-being of the population and their balanced integration into the socio-ecological environment in which they live. It also provides that public health should be guided by prevention and should aim for the progressive socialization of medicine and the medical and pharmaceutical sectors (Article 15). ⁵⁵⁰

4.4.1b Access to skilled birth attendants (% of population)

Score: 32.35

4.4.1c Out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita, PPP (current international $)

Score: 83.26

4.4.1d Coverage of essential health services through universal health coverage

Score: 20.83

4.4.1e Total population pushed below a relative poverty line by household health expenditure (60% of media daily per capita consumption or income)

Score: 57.53

4.4.1f Rate of mortality amenable to health care

Score: 90.86

4.4.2 Paid medical leave

4.4.2a Guaranteed paid sick leave

Score: 66.67

Guinea-Bissau guarantees pays sick leave to workers.

According to the WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Guinea-Bissau guarantees sick leave rights from the first day of illness. ⁵⁵¹

A 2024 document published by the Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Integration on simplified work management procedures lists relevant labor rights but does not include paid sick leave. ⁵⁵² he 2022 Labor Code establishes that sickness is a justified absence and, as such, does not result in the loss of any rights or benefits of the worker (Articles 86 and 88). A worker may lose wages in case of absence due to illness unless they are entitled to a social security allowance (Article 88). There is no mention of mental health coverage. ⁵⁵³

4.4.3 Healthcare worker access to healthcare

4.4.3a Government prioritisation of care for healthcare workers during response

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a legislation, a policy, or a public statement committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵

The National Health Development Plan III 2023–2028, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, and the National Plan for the Development of Human Resources for Health 2023–2032 do not reference any efforts to establish prioritized healthcare services for healthcare workers. ⁵⁵⁶⁵⁵⁷⁵⁵⁸

4.5 Communications with healthcare workers during a public health emergency

4.5.1 Communication with healthcare workers

4.5.1a Existence of system for communication during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁵⁹⁵⁶⁰

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 does not provide details on communication systems, while the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, published in 2013, emphasizes the need to improve communication strategies to ensure that information channels and procedures are clearly defined and reach key sectors and levels. ⁵⁶¹

4.5.1b Inclusion of public and private sector in healthcare communication system

Score: 0

4.6 Infection control practices

4.6.1 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) monitoring

4.6.1a Evidence of national public health system monitoring and tracking of HCAIs

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau is monitoring for and tracking the number of healthcare associated infections. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ⁵⁶⁵⁵⁶⁶

According to the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028, the absence of a functional hospital information system remains a challenge. The plan indicates that there is a proposal to pilot the introduction of an electronic clinical record system in the pediatrics and maternity departments of Simão Mendes National Hospital, which would incorporate data on hospital and postoperative infections. ⁵⁶⁷ However, no evidence of its implementation was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health or INASA. ⁵⁶⁸⁵⁶⁹ The Plan also foresees the development of a National Strategic Plan for the prevention and control of infections in health facilities. ⁵⁷⁰

4.6.1b Infection prevention and control programme

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an infection prevention and control programme in place nationally. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁷¹⁵⁷²

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 foresees the development of a national strategy for infection prevention and control, but there is no evidence that it has been implemented yet. ⁵⁷³⁵⁷⁴⁵⁷⁵

4.6.1c National plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health (INASA). ⁵⁷⁶⁵⁷⁷

The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028, and the Guide to Managing Hospital Waste, published in 2022, make no mention of such a plan. ⁵⁷⁸⁵⁷⁹⁵⁸⁰

During the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts were made to improve infection prevention and control indicators, for example, by installing foot-operated hand washing devices and training health center staff on proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, and the use of personal protective equipment. ⁵⁸¹ However, hospitals in Guinea-Bissau continue to suffer from inadequate infrastructure. In 2025, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation reported difficulties in accessing clean water and proper toilet facilities in several health centers. ⁵⁸² In 2024, Guinea-Bissau’s largest hospital was reportedly in a state of collapse due to multiple issues, including roofs full of holes that made it impossible to accommodate patients and health workers during the rainy season, a non-operational surgery block, and the closure of bathrooms in various departments due to poor conditions. ⁵⁸³

4.7 Capacity to test and approve new medical countermeasures

4.7.1 Regulatory process for clinical trials of unregistered interventions

4.7.1a Requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau requires ethical review (e.g., from an ethics committee or via Institutional Review Board approval) before beginning a clinical trial.

According to the African Union Development Agency (AUDA), clinical trials in the country require prior authorization from the Directorate of Pharmaceutical, Laboratory and Drug Services (DIFALRM), as well as approval from an ethics committee or Institutional Review Board. In addition, clinical trials must be registered in an international, national, or regional registry. No law or official website for DIFALRM was found online. ⁵⁸⁴

The National Ethics Committee for Research (CNEPS) is an independent advisory body responsible for evaluating studies related to human health under the supervision of the Ministry of Health. It is composed of technical experts but does not yet have an official statute. According to a 2021 report on its activities, Guinea-Bissau does not have specific legislation governing clinical trials and therefore adopts internationally accepted ethical standards for research. ⁵⁸⁵ No further information was available on the International Labour Organization's database of national labour, social security, and related human rights legislation, or on the websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Public Health, or CNEPS. ⁵⁸⁶⁵⁸⁷⁵⁸⁸⁵⁸⁹

4.7.1b Expedited approval for clinical trials of unregistered MCMs during epidemics

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures or mutual recognition of clinical trial results. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁵⁹⁰⁵⁹¹

According to the African Union Development Agency (AUDA), the Directorate of Pharmaceutical, Laboratory and Drug Services (DIFALRM) is the authority responsible for marketing authorization/registration, inspection, licensing, market and quality control, pharmacovigilance, control of clinical trials, import control and promotion and advertising of medicines. Conducting clinical trials requires prior authorization from DIFALRM. Furthermore, AUDA notes that national laws require approval from an ethics committee or institutional review board before clinical trials can be conducted, along with the registration of clinical trials in an international, national, or regional registry. A national clinical trial registry is currently under development by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board. ⁵⁹² No law or official website for DIFALRM was found online.

4.7.2 Regulatory process for approving medical countermeasures

4.7.2a Existence of agency responsible for approving new human MCMs

Score: 0

There is limited evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a government agency responsible for approving new medical countermeasures (MCM) for humans.

On the other hand, according to an action plan published in 2024 by Germany Trade & Invest, the economic development agency of Germany, the Regulatory Agency for Medicines and Health Products (ARFAME) is responsible for regulating pharmaceutical policy and the legal framework for pharmaceutical activities, and will oversee the approval and registration of medicines for human use, implement pharmacovigilance and quality control measures, and establish a dedicated laboratory. ⁵⁹⁶

ARFAME was created in 2017 and, in 2021, was responsible for the special import authorization for vaccines that had received WHO prequalification. ⁵⁹⁷ However, the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, notes that ARFAME has been established in name but is not yet fully operational. ⁵⁹⁸ The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 also reports that although ARFAME’s statute has been drafted, it is still awaiting approval by the Council of Ministers. ⁵⁹⁹

4.7.2b Expedited approval for human MCMs during public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has an expedited process for approving medical countermeasures. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶⁰⁰⁶⁰¹

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management addresses the establishment of an expedited process for approving medical countermeasures. ⁶⁰²⁶⁰³ However, in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Health issued a decree authorizing the Regulatory Agency for Medicines and Health Products (ARFAME) to grant special import authorizations for vaccines that had received WHO prequalification. ⁶⁰⁴ This decree was not available online or on the websites of the Ministry of Health or the National Institute of Public Health. ⁶⁰⁵⁶⁰⁶

Commitment to International Norms

5.1 IHR reporting compliance and disaster risk reduction

5.1.1 Official IHR reporting

5.1.1a Submission of IHR reports to the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau has submitted an IHR Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) to the WHO for the last calendar year, with the latest submission in 2024.⁶⁰⁷

5.1.2 Integration of health into disaster risk reduction

5.1.2a Existence of specific risk reduction strategies for epidemics and pandemics

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a national risk reduction strategy. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶⁰⁸⁶⁰⁹

Neither the National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 (PNDS) nor the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management addresses a risk reduction strategy. ⁶¹⁰⁶¹¹ PNDS mentions a Strategic Epidemic Response Plan (Page 55), but no evidence of it was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶¹²⁶¹³⁶¹⁴ The 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, reports that the country doesn't have a pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response plan that can be deployed at national, regional, and local levels. ⁶¹⁵

5.2 Cross-border agreements on public health and animal health emergency response

5.2.1 Cross-border agreements

5.2.1a Existence of public health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 0

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has MOUs as part of a regional group, with regards to public health emergencies.

As a member of the African Union, the country is a signatory to the Revised Statute of the Africa CDC and its Framework of Operation, which promotes partnership and collaboration among Member States. ⁶¹⁶ However, this does not necessarily mean that there are specific agreements in place in the event of a public health emergency.

The National Assembly lists international treaties and agreements, but none relate to public health emergencies. ⁶¹⁷ The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 refers to cross-border medical care, though not in the context of public health emergencies. According to the Plan, when the national health system is unable to meet certain needs, support is sought in neighboring countries, although the majority of patients are referred to Portugal. The country also has agreements with Morocco and Cuba. ⁶¹⁸ However, none of these agreements were found online.

No further evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶¹⁹

5.2.1b Existence of animal health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has cross-border agreements, protocols, or MOUs with neighboring countries, or as part of a regional group, with regards to animal health emergencies. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶²⁰⁶²¹

Neither the National Health Development Plan III (PNDS III) 2023–2028 nor the 2024 Assessment of Guinea-Bissau’s Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Capacity, published by the World Bank, makes any reference to agreements related to animal health emergency. ⁶²²⁶²³

Guinea‑Bissau is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which promotes coordination across various sectors, including animal health. Within this framework, for example, Guinea‑Bissau participated in the 2021 Mass Vaccination Campaign aimed at controlling and eradicating Peste des Petits Ruminants. ⁶²⁴

5.3 International commitments

5.3.1 Participation in international agreements

5.3.1a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention status

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention on 20 August 1976. ⁶²⁵

5.3.1b Submission of CBMs to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has submitted confidence-building measures for the Biological Weapons Convention in the past three years.

According to the Biological Weapons Convention National Implementation Measures Database, the country has never submitted a confidence building measures report. ⁶²⁶

5.3.1c Submission of UNSCR 1540 reports

Score: 100

Guinea-Bissau submitted a United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540 report in 2018. ⁶²⁷

5.3.1d Extent of UNSCR 1540 implementation on public health emergencies

Score: 0

5.3.2 Voluntary memberships

5.3.2a Membership in global health security and/or biological weapons agreements

Score: 0

Guinea-Bissau has been a member of the Proliferation Security Initiative since 2024. ⁶²⁸⁶²⁹⁶³⁰⁶³¹

The country is not a member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction or the Australia Group. ⁶³²⁶³³

5.4 JEE and PVS

5.4.1 Completion and publication of a JEE assessment and gap analysis

5.4.1a Completion and publication of JEE (or GHSA pilot external assessment) report

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has completed a Joint External Evaluation and published a full public report in the last five years. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health, and World Health Organization (WHO). ⁶³⁴⁶³⁵⁶³⁶

According to the WHO, the country’s most recent Joint External Evaluation dates back to 2019. ⁶³⁷

5.4.2 Completion and publication of a PVS assessment and gap analysis

5.4.2a Completion and publication of PVS report (past five years)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services assessment in the last five years.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, the last assessment for the country was in 2008. ⁶³⁸

5.4.2b Completion and publication of PVS gap analysis (past five years)

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services gap analysis in the last five years.

According to the World Organisation for Animal Health, the last gap analysis for the country was conducted in 2019. ⁶³⁹

5.5 Financing

5.5.1 National financing for epidemic preparedness

5.5.1a Evidence of allocated national funds to improve capacity to address epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has allocated national funds to improve its capacity to address epidemic threats within the past three years.

In the state budgets for 2022 and 2023, funds were allocated to support the implementation of regional projects aimed at strengthening epidemiological surveillance. The allocated amounts were CFA 240,000 (USD 423.87) and CFA 800,000 (USD 1,412.92), respectively. ⁶⁴⁰⁶⁴¹

The World Health Organization’s States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Report submissions for 2022, 2023 and 2024 report that financing for International Health Regulations implementation scored only 20%, indicating weak domestic resourcing for core capacities. ⁶⁴²⁶⁴³⁶⁴⁴

5.5.2 Financing under JEE and PVS reports and gap analyses

5.5.2a National budget to address gaps identified in JEE, NAPHS or GHSA roadmap

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has completed a Joint External Evaluation (JEE) and published a full public report in the last five years, or that it has a National Action Plan for Health Security available online or has a Global Health Security Agenda. No relevant evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Public Health, or the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁶⁴⁵⁶⁴⁶⁶⁴⁷⁶⁴⁸

The country’s most recent Joint External Evaluation, published in 2019, does not allocate or describe any specific national budget funding to address the gaps identified. ⁶⁴⁹

5.5.2b National budget to address gaps identified in PVS assessment or gap analysis

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau’s Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis and/or PVS assessment allocates or describes specific funding from the national budget (covering a time-period either in the future or within the past five years) to address the identified gaps.

Neither the assessment published in 2008, nor the gap analysis conducted in 2019 allocates or describes specific funding from the national budget. ⁶⁵⁰

5.5.3 Financing for emergency response

5.5.3a Emergency public financing during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau can access a publicly identified special emergency public financing mechanism and funds in the face of a public health emergency.

Guinea-Bissau is listed as an International Development Association (IDA) eligible borrowing country and therefore is eligible for World Bank initiatives like the pandemic financing facility, the Crisis Response Window, and the Global Crisis Management Platform, which brings together a range of crisis support instruments to IDA-eligible countries that face an outbreak. ⁶⁵¹⁶⁵²⁶⁵³

5.5.4 Accountability for international commitments to address epidemic threats

5.5.4a Commitments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no publicly evidence that any senior leader in Guinea-Bissau, in the past three years, has made a public commitment to either support other countries to improve capacity to address epidemic threats by providing financing or support or to improve the country's domestic capacity to address epidemic threats by expanding financing or requesting support to improve capacity.

There are no reports of such kind in any news outlet or on the websites and Facebook pages of the Ministry of Public Health. ⁶⁵⁴⁶⁵⁵⁶⁵⁶ No further information was found on the website of the World Health Organization. ⁶⁵⁷

5.5.4b Investments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that Guinea-Bissau has requested financing or technical support from donors to improve the country's domestic capacity to address epidemic threats. There is no evidence that it has provided other countries with financing or technical support to improve capacity to address epidemic threats in the past three years.

According to the Global Health Security Funding Tracking Dashboard, Guinea-Bissau received USD 265m from 2014 to 2022. For the COVID-19 pandemic, the country received USD 25m from 2019 to 2023. ⁶⁵⁸ The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria shows that the country requested additional COVID funding in 2023, besides funding for tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. ⁶⁵⁹

5.5.4c Evidence that the country has fulfilled its full WHO contribution within the past two years

Score: 0

There is no publicly evidence that Guinea-Bissau has fulfilled its full contribution to the WHO within the past two years.

According to data from 2025, the country has a balance outstanding of USD 5,923. ⁶⁶⁰

5.6 Commitment to sharing of genetic & biological data & specimens

5.6.1 Commitment to share data and specimens in emergency/non-emergency research

5.6.1a Sharing of genetic/biological data and materials beyond influenza

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Guinea-Bissau has a plan or policy for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens (biological materials) along with the associated epidemiological data with international organizations and/or other countries that goes beyond influenza. No evidence was found on the websites of the Ministry of Health and National Institute of Public Health. ⁶⁶¹⁶⁶²

The National Health Development Plan 2023–2028 and the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management do not address sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens. ⁶⁶³⁶⁶⁴ The National Assembly lists international treaties and agreements, but none relate to sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens. ⁶⁶⁵

5.6.1b Evidence of non-compliance with sample sharing element of PIP framework

Score: 100

There is no public evidence that Guinea-Bissau has not shared samples in accordance with the PIP framework in the past two years. There are no mentions of Guinea-Bissau in Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework Biennial Progress Report, published in 2024 by the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁶⁶⁶ No further evidence was found on the WHO website. ⁶⁶⁷

5.6.1c Evidence of non-sharing of pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak

Score: 100

There is no public evidence that Guinea Bissau has not shared pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak in the past two years. According to the WHO Disease Outbreak News, there have been no outbreaks of diseases in Guinea-Bissau in the last two years. There is also no evidence that Guinea-Bissau has not shared COVID-19 samples. ⁶⁶⁸⁶⁶⁹ No further information was found in international or local media outlets.

Risk Environment

6.1 Political and security risk

6.1.1 Government effectiveness

6.1.1a Policy formation

Score: 0

6.1.1b Quality of bureaucracy

Score: 0

6.1.1c Excessive bureaucracy/red tape

Score: 0

6.1.1d Vested interests/cronyism

Score: 0

6.1.1e Corruption

Score: 21

6.1.1f Accountability of public officials

Score: 0

6.1.1g Human rights risk

Score: 0

6.1.2 Orderly transfers of power

6.1.2a Orderly transfers of power

Score: 0

6.1.3 Risk of social unrest

6.1.3a Risk of social unrest

Score: 0

6.1.4 Illicit activities by non-state actors

6.1.4a Risk of terrorism

Score: 0

6.1.4b Level of illicit arms flows within the country

Score: 50

6.1.4c Risk of organized criminal activity

Score: 0

6.1.5 Armed conflict

6.1.5a Presence or risk of armed conflict

Score: 0

6.1.6 Government territorial control

6.1.6a Government territorial control

Score: 0

6.1.7 International tensions

6.1.7a International tensions

Score: 0

6.2 Socio-economic resilience

6.2.1 Literacy

6.2.1a Adult literacy rate (15+ years old, both sexes)

Score: 67.64

6.2.2 Gender equality

6.2.2a UNDP Gender Inequality Index score

Score: 10.25

6.2.3 Social inclusion

6.2.3a Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%)

Score: 13.54

6.2.3b Share of employment in the informal sector

Score: 0

6.2.3c Coverage of social insurance programs (% of population)

Score: 0

6.2.4 Public confidence in government

6.2.4a Public confidence in government

Score: 50

6.2.5 Local media and reporting

6.2.5a Robust, open, diverse local media and reporting

Score: 0

6.2.6 Inequality

6.2.6a Gini coefficient

Score: 66.6

6.3 Infrastructure adequacy

6.3.1 Adequacy of road network

6.3.1a Adequacy of road network

Score: 0

6.3.2 Adequacy of airports

6.3.2a Adequacy of airports

Score: 0

6.3.3 Adequacy of power network

6.3.3a Adequacy of power network

Score: 0

6.4 Environmental risks

6.4.1 Urbanisation

6.4.1a Urban population (% of total population)

Score: 59.64

6.4.2 Land use

6.4.2a Change in forest area (percentage points)

Score: 40.85

6.4.3 Natural disaster risk

6.4.3a Natural disaster risk

Score: 0

6.5 Public health vulnerabilities

6.5.1 Access to quality healthcare

6.5.1a Total life expectancy (years)

Score: 43.65

6.5.1b NCD mortality rate

Score: 56.8

6.5.1c Population aged 65+

Score: 89.25

6.5.1d Tobacco use (% of adults)

Score: 69.61

6.5.1e Level of adult obesity (%)

Score: 87.05

6.5.1f Age-standardised prevalence of mental health disorders (per 100 000 people)

Score: 82.85

6.5.2 Access to potable water and sanitation

6.5.2a Access to potable water

Score: 61.95

6.5.2b Access to at least basic sanitation facilities

Score: 28.9

6.5.2c Percentage of health-care facilities with no access to any electricity supply

Score: 0

6.5.3 Public healthcare spending levels per capita

6.5.3a Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (PPP)

Score: 1.94

6.5.4 Trust in medical and health advice

6.5.4a Trust medical and health advice from the government

Score: 50

6.5.4b Trust medical and health advice from medical workers

Score: 50

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