Angola: Score Justification Summary

2026

1.1 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

1.1.1 AMR surveillance, detection and reporting

1.1.1a National plan for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence to suggest that Angola has a national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) plan that covers surveillance, detection, and reporting.

According to the Tracking AMR Country Self-Assessment Survey (TrACSS) 2023 Country Report, Angola has not developed an AMR national action plan. ¹ There is no evidence of a plan on the official websites of the Angolan National Press or Ministry of Health of Angola. ² ³ ⁴

The National Institute for Health Research (INIS), in its Public Health and Epidemiological Surveillance section, states that it performs culture and antimicrobial resistance tests, but there is no evidence of a national AMR plan that covers surveillance, detection, and reporting.

The World Health Organization's Joint External Evaluation of Angola (2019) recommended the establishment and implementation of a national AMR plan.

1.1.1b Capacity of national lab/lab system to test for AMR priority pathogens

Score: 50

Angola has a national laboratory system which tests for priority AMR pathogens, namely mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) states that "the country has some capacity to perform serological and molecular laboratory diagnosis for at least ten diseases considered priorities", including tuberculosis. However, "when there is no capacity or when laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis is required, the samples are sent to international reference laboratories (Pasteur Institute in Dakar, Senegal; IHMT and INSA in Lisbon, Portugal; and NICD in Johannesburg, South Africa)". ⁵

1.1.1c National environmental surveillance for AMR residues/organisms

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola conducts environmental detection or surveillance activities (e.g., in soil, waterways) for antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms.

The National Institute for Health Research (INIS), through its Department of Environmental Health, seeks to ensure the operationality of environmental laboratories with a view to preventing and controlling the main diseases arising from the environment in Angola, which includes initiatives related to continuous food quality and safety control and to the promotion of specific health protection measures against risk factors linked to water, food, air, soil and noise pollution. ⁶ It includes laboratories that can perform culture and antimicrobial resistance tests, parasitology, serology, clinical biochemistry, hematology and immunology; nevertheless, there is no mention of antimicrobial residues or AMR organisms in waterways or in soil, for instance. ⁷

Angola is not listed as a country with a national action plan in the World Health Organization's (WHO) library of national action plans. ⁸ The country is also not mentioned in the WHO report "Monitoring Global Progress on Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance: Analysis report of the second round of results of AMR country self-assessment survey 2018". ⁹

According to the Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola does not generate diagnostics or surveillance data related to antimicrobial resistance, and there is no multisectoral coordination commission related to the subject (p. 11). ¹⁰ It adds that the country has some laboratory capacity in INIS microbiology laboratory to conduct antimicrobial tests, but it recommends as a priority for the country to operationalize its laboratories for AMR surveillance in the environment (p. 12). ¹¹

1.1.2 Antimicrobial control

1.1.2a National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (humans)

Score: 50

Angola has a national legislation in place requiring prescriptions for antibiotic use for humans. However, evidence also shows gaps in the enforcement of this legislation.

Pursuant to article 81, section (1), subsection (a), of Presidential Decree No. 191 of 1 September 2010, which regulates the exercise of pharmaceutical activities, pharmacies are prohibited from selling or dispensing antibiotics for human use without a prescription. ¹² The prescription must include the doctor’s licence number and the patient’s name. ¹³ Furthermore, in accordance with article 28 of Presidential Decree No. 180 of 18 August 2010 (National Pharmaceutical Policy), the Ministry of Health must establish and update every five years a national medicines formulary for the control of drug use. ¹⁴

However, there is evidence of gaps in the enforcement of this legislation. In an interview with VOA Português, Dr. Nádia Camate stated that although a medical prescription is legally required to obtain antibiotics in Angola, there is an informal pharmaceutical market through which patients can access these medicines without prescriptions. ¹⁵

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscored that Angola has measures to ensure proper use of antibiotics in some healthcare facilities, and that there are norms and regulations related to the their use. ¹⁶ However, it recommended the country to conduct training on the rational use of antibiotics in human health. ¹⁷

1.1.2b National law(s) requiring prescription for antibiotic use (animals)

Score: 50

There is evidence that Angola has national legislation regulating the prescription of antibiotics for animals. However, there is evidence of gaps in its enforcement.

Pursuant to Article 65 of Presidential Decree No. 70 of 11 August 2008, the prescription of drugs, vaccines, allergens, and serums is regulated by the Veterinary Authority. ¹⁸ Article 67 further establishes that the acquisition of medicines and biological products classified as being for veterinary use and intended for routine use may only be carried out upon presentation of a prescription issued by a qualified veterinary doctor, duly registered with the relevant professional order. ¹⁹

Additionally, Article 13, Section (L), of Presidential Decree No. 104 of 12 May 2015, which enacted the Regulation of Livestock Exploration, states that animal herders and owners are prohibited from using antibiotics for animals without a prescription. ²⁰

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscored that Angola has norms and regulations for antibiotics use. ²² However, it recommended the country to conduct training on the rational use of antibiotics in animal health. ²³

1.2 Zoonotic disease

1.2.1 National planning for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.1a Laws/plans on zoonotic disease

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has national legislation on zoonotic diseases.

Law No. 4 of 2004 on Animal Health establishes the control framework for zoonotic diseases that may contaminate animal products and infect humans. ²⁴ The regulation covers various aspects, including importation, exportation, vaccination, disease surveillance, the disposal of carcasses and sick animals, border controls, and prohibitions and restrictions on the circulation of animals. ²⁵ The annex includes a list of common types of zoonotic diseases, such as Avian flu, anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies. ²⁶

1.2.1b Laws/plans on zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has measures for risk identification and reduction for zoonotic disease spillover events from animals to humans.

Pursuant to Article 4 and the Annex of the Animal Health Law (Law No. 4 of 2004), Angola has a list of diseases of mandatory notification, including foot-and-mouth disease, bovine plague, sheep and goat pox, avian influenza, bovine brucellosis, trichomoniasis, Newcastle disease, among others. ²⁷ As per Article 6, animal owners and herders are required to notify infectious diseases in writing and proceed to quarantine suspected or confirmed sick animals, as well as destroy, through incineration within 24 hours, animals that have died under inspection or have been slaughtered due to sanitary requirements. ²⁸ In addition, Articles 10 and 11 prohibit the movement of dogs in fairs, markets, holding parks, slaughterhouses, or other places where cattle are concentrated, in order to prevent the transmission of various infections, and the movement of pigs in cattle-raising areas to prevent the spread of cysticercosis. ²⁹ Articles 14 to 18 regulate the inspection of slaughterhouses, animals, and products of animal origin. ³⁰ Nevertheless, there is no specific mention of spillover from animals to humans. ³¹

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) highlights positive aspects, such as the existence of specialists who conduct surveillance in slaughterhouses based on ante- and post-mortem inspections, and the prevention of the entry of exotic zoonoses into the country through surveillance at points of entry. ³² However, the report states that the country should improve the prioritization of zoonotic diseases by developing a common list and prioritizing zoonotic diseases in coordination between human and animal health, reflecting Angola’s realities. It also recommends adopting standardizing procedures for ante- and post-mortem inspections, including the supervision of basic- and mid-level inspectors by senior technicians, to ensure standardization and systematization of inspections in line with international standards. ³³

1.2.1c Laws/plans for surveillance & control of multiple zoonotic pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has national legislation for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens.

However, the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) states that the country should improve the prioritization of zoonotic diseases by developing a common list and prioritizing zoonotic diseases in coordination between human and animal health, reflecting Angola’s realities. ³⁶ In addition, there is no mention of any national legislation for the surveillance and control of multiple zoonotic pathogens. ³⁷

In May 2024, the ISV announced public consultations on the first draft of the Strategic Plan for the National Animal Health Epidemiological Surveillance System (PESNVESA), which would represent a crucial milestone in improving surveillance of diseases impacting animal and public health, strengthening the country’s capacity to respond to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. ³⁸ In December 2024, the Government of Angola announced that the plan had been finalized; however, there is no evidence that it has been published to date. ³⁹ ⁴⁰ ⁴¹

The National Development Plan 2023-2027, enacted in November 2023, includes Priority Programme 18.3, which seeks to reduce the incidence of communicable diseases, including measures to limit the spread of malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and neglected tropical diseases (pp. 76-77). ⁴² The programme provides for the expansion and promotion of the appropriate use of long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets; ensuring timely diagnosis with laboratory confirmation; expanding integrated vector-control measures in municipalities with the highest incidence of malaria; ensuring the treatment of vulnerable groups, particularly children and individuals with comorbidities (HIV/tuberculosis and diabetes/tuberculosis); expanding the availability of rapid HIV tests to key and vulnerable populations, as well as to partners and children of people living with HIV; among other measures. ⁴³

There is no further evidence of such legislation on the official website of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MINAGRIF), and the Angolan Legislative Database Portal. ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶

1.2.1d Cross-ministerial department/agency/unit for zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an agency dedicated to zoonotic diseases that functions across ministries.

The Institute of Veterinary Services (ISV) is a governmental body under the purview of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MINAGRIF), in accordance with Article 4 of Presidential Decree No. 30 of 13 February 2014 (Statute of the Institute of Veterinary Services). ⁴⁷ ⁴⁸ Pursuant to Article 5, the ISV is responsible for (i) protecting the national territory against animal diseases, including those affecting fish, bees, and wildlife, as well as zoonoses; (ii) establishing, in coordination with other health authorities, sanitary regulations for the import, export, and transit of animals, their products, by-products, carcasses, and animal feed throughout the national territory; (iii) establishing sanitary standards for the operation of lazarettos and quarantine parks; among other duties. ⁴⁹ However, there is no evidence it operates across ministries. ⁵⁰

In May 2024, the ISV announced public consultations on the first draft of the Strategic Plan for the National Animal Health Epidemiological Surveillance System (PESNVESA), which would represent a crucial milestone in improving surveillance of diseases impacting animal and public health, strengthening the country’s capacity to respond to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. ⁵¹ In December 2024, the Government of Angola announced that the plan had been finalized; however, there is no evidence that it has been published to date, or that the ISV operates across ministries. ⁵² ⁵³ ⁵⁴

1.2.1e Presence of One Health strategic plan

Score: 0

Angola does not currently have a comprehensive national One Health strategic plan in place. While the country is participating in the regional Southern African Programme for One Health (SAPOH) and shows alignment with One Health principles in its efforts to combat issues like neglected tropical diseases, there is a recognized lack of specific, multisectoral national strategy for the broader One Health approach. ⁵⁵

1.2.2 Surveillance systems for zoonotic diseases/pathogens

1.2.2a Surveillance/reporting mechanism for zoonotic disease for livestock owners

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has a national mandatory mechanism for livestock owners to conduct and report on disease surveillance to a central government agency.

1.2.2b Laws/regulations on data confidentiality to protect livestock owners

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has legislation or regulations that safeguard the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals.

The Law on the Protection of Personal Data (Law No. 22 of 17 June 2011) does not contain an explicit reference to data generated through surveillance activities for animals. ⁵⁸ The Data Protection Agency (APD), the entity responsible for enforcing data protection legislation, does not provide further information on legislation or regulations that safeguard the confidentiality of information generated through surveillance activities for animals. ⁵⁹

Article 6 of Law No. 4 of 2004 (Animal Health Law) underscores the obligation of animal producers to inform regional authorities in case they identify an epidemiological disease among their animals; however, there is no mention regarding the confidentiality of the submitted data. ⁶⁰

There is no evidence of such safeguards on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, or the Angolan Legal Database. ⁶¹ ⁶² ⁶³

1.2.2c Wildlife zoonotic disease surveillance

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola conducts surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife (e.g., wild animals, insects, other disease vectors), poultry, and livestock.

Pursuant to Article 16, Section (1), of the Animal Health Law (Law No. 4 of 2004), all live animals or products of animal origin transiting through railway stations, customs offices, border posts, or densely populated areas must be inspected, and a certificate of inspection must be issued. ⁶⁴ Article 16, Section (2), further provides that provincial health authorities must notify the competent inspection and sanitary control services of any occurrence of an expansive or public health nature so that, if deemed necessary, these services may inform the official authorities of neighbouring countries and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). ⁶⁵

In addition, livestock intended for human consumption must undergo ante-mortem inspection, as established in Article 14 of the Animal Health Law. ⁶⁶ The importation of wild animals is subject to a minimum quarantine period of 30 days, in accordance with Article 22. ⁶⁷

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola has specialists who conduct surveillance in slaughterhouses based on ante- and post-mortem inspections. However, the country has limited capacity for the multisectoral and interinstitutional collaboration needed to address zoonoses. While some actions and surveillance mechanisms for these diseases exist, they are not systematized between public health and animal health sectors. Priority diseases have been identified, namely rabies, avian influenza (H5N1), trypanosomiasis, and anthrax, but no methodology was provided for how they were selected. Surveillance for these diseases is not based on a joint system. ⁶⁸

Nevertheless, pursuant to Article 16, Section (A), of Executive Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests No. 541 of 18 September 2015, the Institute of Veterinary Services (ISV) has an animal health department that, among other responsibilities, is tasked with promoting the protection of the national territory against animal diseases, including those affecting wildlife. ⁶⁹ According to Article 21, Section (1), the ISV also has regional departments responsible for conducting surveillance of zoonotic diseases in wildlife, poultry, and livestock, as well as keeping ISV updated pertaining to zoonotic diseases in the provinces. ⁷⁰

Moreover, the Institute for Veterinarian Research (IIV), which should be responsible for zoonotic disease surveillance including those in wildlife pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 39 of 20 February 2014, does not have a website. ⁷¹ There is no further evidence on the official websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. ⁷² ⁷³

1.2.3 International reporting of animal disease outbreaks

1.2.3a Annual reporting to OIE on zoonotic disease incidence

Score: 100

Angola has a publicly available mechanism for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH).

According to Article 41, Section (2), of Decree No. 70 of 11 August 2008, which approved the regulation of the Animal Health Law, Angola must notify the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) if the country identifies any disease that may pose a threat to humans or animals. ⁷⁴ Moreover, Angola is listed as a member of the WOAH. ⁷⁵

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola has identified its National Focal Point for the International Health Regulations (IHR), the WOAH Delegate and/or National WAHIS Focal Point, and these focal points/delegates have access to the training package and best practices provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), WOAH, and the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁷⁶

1.2.4 Animal health workforce

1.2.4a Number of veterinarians per 100,000 people

Score: 1.6

1.2.4b Number of veterinary para-professionals per 100,000 people

Score: 1.1

1.2.5 Private sector and zoonotic disease

1.2.5a Inclusion of private sector in national plan/law on zoonotic disease

Score: 0

There is no evidence the Angola has mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses.

Article 6 of the Animal Health Law (Law No. 4 of 2004) states that owners are obligated to report any cases of disease to the local administrative authority of the area or to the responsible to the livestock area. ⁷⁷ Owners must inform in writing about the outbreak and area of infection, follow instructions from authorities on how to deal with the outbreak, quarantine the infected or ill animals, and incinerate dead animals within 24 hours. ⁷⁸ However, there is no mention of mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses. ⁷⁹

There is no mention of mechanisms to work with the private sector in Decree No. 70 of 11 August 2008, which approved the regulation of the Animal Health Law. ⁸⁰

According to Article 16 of Executive Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests No. 541 of 18 September 2015, the Institute of Veterinary Services (ISV) possesses an animal health department that, among other attributions, is tasked with promoting the protection of the national territory against animal diseases. ⁸¹ However, there is no mention of mechanisms for working with the private sector in controlling or responding to zoonoses. ⁸²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) recommended the country to elaborate a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with relevant sectors to manage zoonotic disease situations. ⁸³

There is no evidence of such mechanisms on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MINAGRIF), or the Angolan Legal Database. ⁸⁴ ⁸⁵ ⁸⁶

1.3 Biosecurity

1.3.1 Whole-of-government biosecurity systems

1.3.1a Updated national records of especially dangerous pathogen/toxin inventories

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a record, updated within the past five years, of facilities where especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, including details on inventories and inventory management systems of those facilities.

The Specialized Center for the Treatment of Endemic and Pandemic Diseases (CETEP), inaugurated in 2021, is a laboratory specialized in the treatment of endemic and pandemic diseases. It includes several laboratories equipped with state-of-the-art technology, a blood bank, screening services, imaging, physiotherapy and psychology services, a pharmacy, morgue, laundry, dining hall for 80 people, dormitory with 192 beds, bakery, multiple administrative offices, a generator, a water reservoir with a capacity of 500,000 litres, and a helipad. ⁸⁷ However, there is no evidence that it stores or processes especially dangerous pathogens and toxins. ⁸⁸

Pursuant to Article 6, Section (3), Subsection (d), of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) provides reference laboratory services with technical qualifications to diagnose and characterize pathogens, and also assists other laboratories in confirming test results and providing continuous training for technicians. ⁸⁹ As per Article 24, the Department of Quality Management and Biosafety within INIS’s structure is tasked with continuously monitoring improvements in processes in the areas of research, laboratories, training, and other technical-scientific and administrative management activities of the institution. It must also ensure the development, implementation, and continuous improvement of an institutional biosafety and bioprotection programme, as well as organize training in the field of biosafety and bioprotection. ⁹⁰ However, there is no evidence that it maintains a record of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins, including details on inventories and inventory management systems. ⁹¹

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), the country does not have defined legislation, standards, and/or standard operating procedures for the implementation of a biosafety and bioprotection system. ⁹² In 2019, an assessment of the current situation of the laboratories of the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) identified deficiencies in the physical structures of the laboratories, and there is no adequate system for the management and treatment of biological waste. ⁹³

Angola is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention and has submitted two annual reports on biological research to the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) in December 2024 and March 2025 to comply with six Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs). ⁹⁴ However, these reports are not publicly available, and there is no evidence that Angola maintains a record, updated within the past five years, of facilities where especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, including details on inventories and inventory management systems of those facilities. ⁹⁵

1.3.1b Biosecurity laws on facility security for especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has in place legislation and/or regulations related to biosecurity which address requirements such as physical containment, operation practices, failure reporting systems, and/or cybersecurity of facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola does not have legislation, standards, and/or defined standard operating procedures for the implementation of a biosafety and bioprotection system. ⁹⁶ The report further notes that although “professionals demonstrate concern in establishing appropriate biosafety and bioprotection measures,” the “lack of procedures, adequate equipment and infrastructure, and allocated funding for this area does not allow for the establishment of the necessary conditions to implement a national biosafety system.” ⁹⁷ In 2019, an assessment of the current situation of the laboratories of the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) identified deficiencies in the physical structures of the laboratories, but there is no evidence of standard operating procedures (SOPs) or regulations related to the infrastructural requirements of facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed. ⁹⁸

On 14 April 2011, the Ministry of Health enacted Executive Decree No. 62/11, which approved the regulation on biosecurity. ⁹⁹ However, the decree does not mention facilities in which especially dangerous pathogens and toxins are stored or processed, but mainly general guidelines for workers, including healthcare workers. ¹⁰⁰

There is no evidence of such legislation or regulations on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MINAGRIF), the Angolan Legal Database, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ ¹⁰⁴

1.3.1c Agency for enforcement of biosecurity laws/regulations

Score: 0

Pursuant to Article 24 of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, the National Institute for Health Research (INIS), through the Department of Quality Management and Biosafety, is tasked with ensuring the development, implementation, and continuous improvement of an institutional biosafety and bioprotection programme, as well as organize training in the field of biosafety and bioprotection. ¹⁰⁵ However, Angola does not have any biosecurity legislation or regulations.

1.3.1d Consolidation of especially dangerous pathogens into minimum # of facilities

Score: 0

There is no public evidence that Angola has taken action to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities.

The Specialized Center for the Treatment of Endemic and Pandemic Diseases (CETEP), inaugurated in 2021, is a laboratory specialized in the treatment of endemic and pandemic diseases. It includes several laboratories equipped with state-of-the-art technology, a blood bank, screening services, imaging, physiotherapy and psychology services, a pharmacy, morgue, laundry, dining hall for 80 people, dormitory with 192 beds, bakery, multiple administrative offices, a generator, a water reservoir with a capacity of 500,000 litres, and a helipad. ¹⁰⁶ However, there is no evidence of steps to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins. ¹⁰⁷

Pursuant to Article 6, Section (3), Subsection (d), of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) provides reference laboratory services with technical qualifications to diagnose and characterize pathogens, and also assists other laboratories in confirming test results and providing continuous training for technicians. ¹⁰⁸ As per Article 24, the Department of Quality Management and Biosafety within INIS’s structure is tasked with continuously monitoring improvements in processes in the areas of research, laboratories, training, and other technical-scientific and administrative management activities of the institution. It must also ensure the development, implementation, and continuous improvement of an institutional biosafety and bioprotection programme, as well as organize training in the field of biosafety and bioprotection. ¹⁰⁹ However, there is no evidence of remits related to efforts to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins. ¹¹⁰

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), the country does not have defined legislation, standards, and/or standard operating procedures for the implementation of a biosafety and bioprotection system. ¹¹¹ In 2019, an assessment of the current situation of the laboratories of the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) identified deficiencies in the physical structures of the laboratories, but there is no mention of actions to consolidate its inventories of especially dangerous pathogens and toxins. ¹¹²

Additionally, Angola is part of the Lusophone Network of Biobanks and Biological Collections, inaugurated in 2023, which includes representatives from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Portugal. ¹¹⁵ However, there is no mention of actions to consolidate its inventories to especially dangerous pathogens and toxins into a minimum number of facilities. ¹¹⁶

There is no evidence of such efforts on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MINAGRIF), the Angolan Legal Database, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ¹¹⁷ ¹¹⁸ ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰

1.3.1e Capacity to conduct tests for anthrax/Ebola without culturing live pathogens

Score: 0

There is evidence that Angola has in-country capacity to conduct Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic testing, but insufficient evidence regarding PCR-based diagnostic capability specifically for anthrax or Ebola, which would preclude culturing a live pathogen.

The National Institute for Health Research (INIS) collects various biological samples and performs differential diagnoses for complex diagnostic tests, such as real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA. ¹²¹ However, there is no specific indication that these tests are applied to the diagnosis of anthrax or Ebola. ¹²²

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), INIS has the capacity to perform molecular diagnosis (PCR, RT-PCR, and sequencing) in the field of human health. ¹²³ However, the report makes no reference to anthrax or Ebola. ¹²⁴

1.3.2 Biosecurity training and practices

1.3.2a Biosecurity training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 0

Angola conducts biosecurity and biosafety training on an ad hoc basis. However, there is no evidence of a standardized, required approach, such as through a common curriculum or a train-the-trainer program, for personnel working in facilities housing or working with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), biosafety training has been conducted on an occasional basis, including the training and certification of some technicians from the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) in the transport of infectious substances, in collaboration with the WHO and CDC. ¹²⁵ However, “with regard to training, there is a great need to build the capacity of professionals in international best practices in biosafety and bioprotection,” and the report recommended the training of professionals in biosafety, bioprotection, and the transport of infectious substances through a multisectoral approach. ¹²⁶

According to Article 24, Section (2), Subsection (h), of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, INIS, through the Department of Quality Management and Biosecurity, has the remit of coordinating training in the fields of biosecurity and biosafety. ¹²⁷ However, there are no further details if it entails a standardized approach. ¹²⁸ Executive Decree of the Ministry of Health No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, which approved the regulation on biosecurity, does not mention training either. ¹²⁹

INIS offers biosecurity training for laboratory technicians in malaria diagnosis, which includes the objectives of standardizing microscopic diagnostic techniques for the malaria parasite and harmonizing and training technicians in the methods for counting parasitemia in accordance with the current National Policy for Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment. ¹³⁰ However, there are no details regarding the frequency of such training. ¹³¹

In April 2022, INIS reported that a workshop to present the National and Multisectoral Action Plan for Biosafety and Bioprotection and Training, which included train-the-trainer program and biosecurity management. ¹³² However, there is no evidence it is regular, or that if the train-the-trainer program was specifically focused on biosecurity. ¹³³

There is no evidence of training on biosecurity on the official website of the Ministry of Health. ¹³⁴

1.3.3 Personnel vetting: regulating access to sensitive locations

1.3.3a Personnel checks for permission to access to especially dangerous pathogens

Score: 0

There is no evidence that security and other personnel with access to especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, or biological materials with pandemic potential are subject to drug testing, background checks, and psychological or mental fitness checks in Angola.

Pursuant to Article 7, Section (5), of Executive Decree No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, enacted by the Ministry of Health to approve biosecurity regulations, kitchen staff must undergo a medical examination, which includes blood and stool examinations, nasopharyngeal swab, hand and fingernail sample collection, PPD, and a chest x-ray screening. ¹³⁵ There is no evidence that these examinations are related to drug testing, or that background checks and psychological or mental fitness checks are conducted. ¹³⁶ For other personnel, most requirements are general and relate to the use of personal protective equipment or overall biosecurity concerns. ¹³⁷

Angola is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention and has submitted two annual reports on biological research to the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) to comply with six Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs). However, these reports are not publicly available. ¹³⁸

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola does not have legislation, standards, and/or defined standard operating procedures for the implementation of a biosafety and bioprotection system. ¹³⁹ The report further notes that although “professionals demonstrate concern in establishing appropriate biosafety and bioprotection measures,” the “lack of procedures, adequate equipment and infrastructure, and allocated funding for this area does not allow for the establishment of the necessary conditions to implement a national biosafety system.” ¹⁴⁰ There is no specific reference to drug testing, background checks, and psychological or mental fitness checks. ¹⁴¹

1.3.4 Transportation security

1.3.4a National transport regulations for Category A and B infectious substances

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has publicly available information on national regulations for the safe and secure transport of infectious substances.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), in relation to the transport of infectious substances, there are trained and certified technicians; however, their number is very limited, and training occurs only in the human health sector. The report highlights the need to strengthen this capacity through a multisectoral approach at the national level. It also notes the need to implement a national infectious waste management system. ¹⁴² However, there is no mention of publicly available information on the safe and secure transport of infectious substances. ¹⁴³

On 29 August 2012, Angola enacted Presidential Decree No. 195/12, which approved the regulation on the highway transport of hazardous goods. ¹⁴⁴ In Chapter 4.3, regarding the use of fixed tanks (tanker vehicles), it states that “transport in tankers is limited to substances containing pathogens that can cause human or animal disease, but which, in principle, do not constitute a serious danger and for which, although exposure may cause a serious infection, effective treatment and prophylaxis measures exist, so that the risk of spreading the infection is limited.” ¹⁴⁵ However, part I of the document is missing. ¹⁴⁶ There is no further mention of transport requirements for infectious substances. ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁸ ¹⁴⁹

There is no mention of transportation requirements for infectious substances on Executive Decree No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, enacted by the Ministry of Health to approve biosecurity regulations. ¹⁵⁰

The National Institute of Civil Aviation (INAVIC) Technical Regulation No. 18 on Dangerous Goods regulates the transport of hazardous cargo by air. ¹⁵² However, it makes no reference to dangerous pathogens, toxins, or pathogens with pandemic potential. ¹⁵³

1.3.5 Cross-border transfer and end-user screening

1.3.5a Laws/regulations on cross-border transfer and end-user screening

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that Angolan legislation or regulations are in place to oversee the cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), in relation to the transport of infectious substances, there are trained and certified technicians; however, their number is very limited, and training occurs only in the human health sector. The report highlights the need to strengthen this capacity through a multisectoral approach at the national level. It also notes the need to implement a national infectious waste management system. ¹⁵⁴ However, there is no mention of cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential. ¹⁵⁵

On 29 August 2012, Angola enacted Presidential Decree No. 195/12, which approved the regulation on the highway transport of hazardous goods. ¹⁵⁶ In Chapter 4.3, regarding the use of fixed tanks (tanker vehicles), it states that “transport in tankers is limited to substances containing pathogens that can cause human or animal disease, but which, in principle, do not constitute a serious danger and for which, although exposure may cause a serious infection, effective treatment and prophylaxis measures exist, so that the risk of spreading the infection is limited.” ¹⁵⁷ However, part I of the document is missing. ¹⁵⁸ There is no further mention of cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential . ¹⁵⁹ ¹⁶⁰ ¹⁶¹

There is no mention of cross-border transfer and end-user screening of especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, and pathogens with pandemic potential for infectious substances on Executive Decree No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, enacted by the Ministry of Health to approve biosecurity regulations. ¹⁶²

The IMO Instruments Implementation Strategy (2025-2029) of the National Maritime Agency (AMN) states in section 4.4.3 that the Maritime and Port Sector Regulatory Entity (MPSRE) supervises stevedoring activities, including the handling of hazardous goods. However, it does not specifically address dangerous pathogens, toxins, or pathogens with pandemic potential. ¹⁶³ The National Institute of Civil Aviation (INAVIC) Technical Regulation No. 18 on Dangerous Goods regulates the transport of hazardous cargo by air. ¹⁶⁴ However, it makes no reference to dangerous pathogens, toxins, or pathogens with pandemic potential. ¹⁶⁵

There is no evidence of such on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Finances, the General Tax Authority, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ ¹⁶⁸ ¹⁶⁹ ¹⁷⁰

1.4 Biosafety

1.4.1 Whole-of-government biosafety systems

1.4.1a Biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has national biosafety regulations in place.

Executive Decree No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, enacted by the Ministry of Health to approve biosecurity regulations, approves norms and regulations for biosafety of healthcare workers and other types of workers and personnel who handle hazardous biological substances. ¹⁷¹ The document regulates biosafety procedures for personnel working in laboratories and blood banks, in emergency services, in custodial services, and in kitchen services of facilities that may contain harmful biological substances. ¹⁷² Nevertheless, it does not go beyond the personnel requirements, and there is no mention of general protection of people, animals, and the environment from infectious agents and hazardous biological materials. ¹⁷³

1.4.1b Agency for enforcement of biosafety laws/regulations

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has an established agency responsible for the enforcement of biosafety legislation and regulations.

1.4.2 Biosafety training and practices

1.4.2a Biosafety training using a standardised, required approach

Score: 33.33

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), biosafety training has been conducted on an occasional basis, including the training and certification of some technicians from the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) in the transport of infectious substances, in collaboration with the WHO and CDC. ¹⁷⁷ However, “with regard to training, there is a great need to build the capacity of professionals in international best practices in biosafety and bioprotection,” and the report recommended the training of professionals in biosafety, bioprotection, and the transport of infectious substances through a multisectoral approach. ¹⁷⁸

According to Article 24, Section (2), Subsection (h), of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, INIS, through the Department of Quality Management and Biosecurity, has the remit of coordinating training in the fields of biosecurity and biosafety. ¹⁷⁹ However, there are no further details if it entails a standardized approach. ¹⁸⁰ Executive Decree of the Ministry of Health No. 62/11 of 14 April 2011, which approved the regulation on biosecurity, does not mention training either. ¹⁸¹

INIS offers biosecurity training for laboratory technicians in malaria diagnosis, which includes the objectives of standardizing microscopic diagnostic techniques for the malaria parasite and harmonizing and training technicians in the methods for counting parasitemia in accordance with the current National Policy for Malaria Diagnosis and Treatment. ¹⁸² However, there are no details regarding the frequency of such training. ¹⁸³

In April 2022, INIS reported that a workshop to present the National and Multisectoral Action Plan for Biosafety and Bioprotection and Training, which included train-the-trainer program and biosecurity management. ¹⁸⁴ However, there is no evidence it is regular, or that if the train-the-trainer program was specifically focused on biosecurity. ¹⁸⁵

There is no evidence of training on biosecurity on the official website of the Ministry of Health. ¹⁸⁶

1.5 Dual-use research and culture of responsible science

1.5.1 Oversight of dual-use research

1.5.1a Evidence of national assessment of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or other dual-use research.

The National Institute for Health Research (INIS) states on its website that it conducts research on arboviruses, acute diarrhoeal diseases, and respiratory diseases. ¹⁸⁷ The website also contains a section listing all its publications on these topics, which includes research on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, HIV, and malaria. ¹⁸⁸ However, there is no evidence that it conducted an assessment to determine whether ongoing research is occurring on especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or other dual-use research. ¹⁸⁹

1.5.1b National law/regulation on oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is insufficient evidence that is in place a legislation or regulation requiring oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or another dual-use research.

There is no evidence of a requirement of oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or another dual-use research on Executive Decree No. 62 of 14 April 2011 (which approved biosecurity regulations) or Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019 (which approved regulated the National Institute for Health Research (INIS)). ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ There is no mention of such requirement on the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), and the only reference is a recommendation to promote research in priority diseases in the country. ¹⁹²

There is no further evidence of such legislation or regulation on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. ¹⁹³ ¹⁹⁴

In May 2025, the Parliament of Angola approved a bill on Clinical and Biomedical Research. ¹⁹⁵ However, there is no evidence it has been enacted yet. ¹⁹⁶

1.5.1c Existence of agency responsible for oversight of dual-use research

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an agency responsible for oversight of research with especially dangerous pathogens, toxins, pathogens with pandemic potential or other dual-use research.

Pursuant to Article 4, Section (3), Subsection (c), of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) is responsible for approving scientific research and technological development projects financed by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. ¹⁹⁷ In accordance with Article 25, Section (2), Subsections (c) and (f), the Department of Quality Management and Biosafety is tasked with ensuring the implementation of quality guidelines for scientific research within INIS, as well as planning and periodically carrying out internal audits in the areas of research, laboratories, training, and other technical-scientific fields of INIS. ¹⁹⁸ Nevertheless, there is no mention of dual-use research. ¹⁹⁹

1.5.2 Screening requirements for providers of genetic material

1.5.2a Requirement to screen synthesised DNA against list prior to sale

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has legislation or regulations requiring the screening of synthesized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins before it is sold.

Pursuant to Article 2 of Decree No. 92/04 of 14 December 2004, the importation of a variety of transgenic seeds and grains is prohibited, with the only exception being for food aid specified under Article 1. ²⁰⁰ There is no mention in this decree of legislation or regulations requiring the screening of synthesised DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) against lists of known pathogens and toxins. ²⁰¹

Furthermore, there is no additional evidence on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Finance, the General Tax Authority, or the Ministry of National Defence and Veterans of the Homeland. ²⁰² ²⁰³ ²⁰⁴ ²⁰⁵ ²⁰⁶

1.6 Immunization

1.6.1 Vaccination rates

1.6.1a Immunization rate for humans (measles/MCV2)

Score: 0

1.6.1b Availability of vaccination figures for livestock (FMD) through OIE database

Score: 100

Official foot-and-mouth (FMD) vaccination figures for livestock in Angola are publicly available through the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) database.

However, the latest available data refers to the second semester of 2023. ²⁰⁷

1.6.1c Equitablenature of national immunization strategy/plan

Score: 100

Angola has a national immunization plan in place.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola has implemented the World Health Organization (WHO) Extended Vaccination Program (PAV) since 1979. ²⁰⁸ It further adds that the vaccination program of Angola covers at least 16 diseases, namely Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Hib and Pneumococcal 13 Meningitis, Rotavirus Diarrhea, Measles, Yellow Fever, Pneumonia Serotype 13, and Injectable and Oral Polio. ²⁰⁹

In April 2025, the WHO reported that Angola was boosting its initiative to enact a new immunization strategy, as the Multi-Year Comprehensive Immunization Plan (PPAC 2016-2020) has concluded. ²¹⁰ According to the report, the new plan began to be elaborated around June 2022 and is still in the process of being finalized. ²¹¹ However, the PPAC 2016-2020 is outdated. ²¹²

The PPAC 2016-2020 laid out strategies for improving national vaccination coverage across Angola. ²¹³ This strategy also included provisions for equitable distribution and aimed to overcome socioeconomic inequalities, geographical, cultural/linguistic differences, and/or gender barriers to vaccination. ²¹⁴

In March 2018, Angola enacted the National Polio Eradication Transition Plan 2018-2022, which sought to achieve the complete eradication of polio infection in Angola. ²¹⁵ The plan aimed to improve vaccination coverage and guarantee education and equitable distribution, as well as to overcome socioeconomic inequalities, geographical, cultural/linguistic differences, and/or gender barriers to vaccination. ²¹⁶

1.6.1d Vaccine hesitancy and build public trust coverage in vaccines in national immunization strategy/plans

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a national immunization plan which contains measures to address vaccine hesitancy and build public trust in vaccines.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), Angola has implemented the World Health Organization (WHO) Extended Vaccination Program (PAV) since 1979. ²¹⁷ It further adds that the vaccination program of Angola covers at least 16 diseases, namely Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Hib and Pneumococcal 13 Meningitis, Rotavirus Diarrhea, Measles, Yellow Fever, Pneumonia Serotype 13, and Injectable and Oral Polio. ²¹⁸

In April 2025, the WHO reported that Angola was boosting its initiative to enact a new immunization strategy, as the Multi-Year Comprehensive Immunization Plan (PPAC 2016-2020) has concluded. ²¹⁹ According to the report, the new plan began to be elaborated around June 2022 and is still in the process of being finalized. ²²⁰ However, the PPAC 2016-2020 is outdated. ²²¹

The PPAC 2016-2020 laid out strategies for improving national vaccination coverage across Angola. ²²² This strategy also includes measures to raise awareness to local leaders about the importance of the vaccine. ²²³

In March 2018, Angola enacted the National Polio Eradication Transition Plan 2018-2022, which sought to achieve the complete eradication of polio infection in Angola. ²²⁴ The plan aimed to improve vaccination coverage and guarantee education and equitable distribution, as well as to overcome socioeconomic inequalities, geographical, cultural/linguistic differences, and/or gender barriers to vaccination. ²²⁵

In May 2025, the Ministry of Health and the WHO started vaccination campaigns to increase vaccination rates in areas affected by cholera. ²²⁶ In August 2025, Angola launched a national campaign to increase vaccination rates for polio among children throughout the country. ²²⁷

Nevertheless, there is no evidence that such campaigns are part of an immunization plan. ²²⁸ ²²⁹ ²³⁰

1.6.1e National advisory group for immunization strategy/plan

Score: 0

There is no publicly available evidence that Angola has a established national advisory group on immunization (NITAG) that provides technical guidance and advice on the immunization plan to government.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Angola has a NITAG, which has formal written terms of reference, legislative basis, as well as at least 5 areas of expertise represented in its core membership. ²³¹ However, its name or remit is not publicly available on the Angolan legal database, or the website of the Ministry of Health. ²³² ²³³

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) does not provide further details. ²³⁴

1.6.1f Presence of an immunization programme for influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an immunization program for influenza.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019), the vaccination program of Angola covers at least 16 diseases, namely Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Hib and Pneumococcal 13 Meningitis, Rotavirus Diarrhea, Measles, Yellow Fever, Pneumonia Serotype 13, and Injectable and Oral Polio. ²³⁵

On 30 April 2025, the WHO reported that Angola is boosting its initiative to enact a new immunization strategy, as the Multi-Year Comprehensive Immunization Plan (PPAC 2016-2020) has concluded. ²³⁶ However, there is no evidence it has been enacted yet. ²³⁷ ²³⁸

Angola’s National Development Plan 2023–2027 establish priority 18.2.1 to strengthen immunization policies nationwide, including increase routine vaccination for the vaccines included in the national vaccination program. ²³⁹ However, there is no mention of influenza. ²⁴⁰

The Multi-Year Immunization Plan 2016-2020 laid out strategies for improving national vaccination coverage across Angola. ²⁴¹ The plan states the vigilance for diseases caused by the Haemophilus influenzae type b, but there is no evidence of program for vaccination. ²⁴²

According to the Angola Multiple Indicator Cluster and Health Survey (IIMS) 2023-2024 Core Indicators Report, children immunization coverage include vaccination against Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, Measles, and Rubella. ²⁴³ There is no reference to influenza. ²⁴⁴

1.7 Climate change adaptation and vector transmission

1.7.1 Health system resilience

1.7.1a Strategy/plan for resilience of health system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the country has a strategy or plan to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges posed by climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns, including the threat of infectious diseases.

The National Development Plan 2023-2027 (PDN) includes objectives to increase healthcare access and improve sustainability and tackle climate change. ²⁴⁵ The PDN seeks to mitigate the risk of climate disasters (Objective 30.1), as well as reinforce adaptative and resilience capacity in face of climate change (Objective 30.2). ²⁴⁶ Objective 18.3 aims at reducing the incidence of communicable diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). ²⁴⁷ However, there is no specific objective or measure to develop a health system that is resilient to the challenges posed by climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns. ²⁴⁸

The National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 defines the actions and organisations involved in emergency planning and response. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of a strategy or plan to develop a climate-resilient health system capable of addressing the threat of infectious diseases. ²⁴⁹

Moreover, Presidential Decree No. 30/16 of 3 February 2016, which approved the Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction, recognizes that environmental deterioration and climate change are directly linked to disasters. ²⁵⁰ The strategy identifies epidemics as a negative consequence of disasters, but does not present a specific strategy or plan to develop a resilient health system in the face of climate change and seasonal variability. ²⁵¹

Presidential Decree No. 216/22 of 23 August 2022, which approved the National Strategy for Climate Change 2022-2035, acknowledges Angola’s vulnerabilities to the negative effects of climate change, including public health. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of a strategy or plan to develop a health system resilient to the challenges posed by climate change and changing seasonal weather patterns, including the threat of infectious diseases. ²⁵²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) does not present any remark on this matter. ²⁵³ There is no further evidence on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ²⁵⁴ ²⁵⁵ ²⁵⁶

Early Detection

2.1 Laboratory systems strength and quality

2.1.1 Lab capacity for detecting priority diseases

2.1.1a Capacity of national lab system to conduct 5 or more WHO core tests

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an immunization program for influenza.

On 30 April 2025, the WHO reported that Angola is boosting its initiative to enact a new immunization strategy, as the Multi-Year Comprehensive Immunization Plan (PPAC 2016-2020) has concluded. ²⁵⁸ However, there is no evidence it has been enacted yet. ²⁵⁹

The Multi-Year Immunization Plan 2016-2020 laid out strategies for improving national vaccination coverage across Angola. The plan states the vigilance for dieses caused by the Haemophilus influenzae type b, but there is no evidence of program for vaccination.

2.1.1b Plan to conduct testing during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a national plan, strategy, or similar document for conducting testing during a public health emergency that includes considerations for novel pathogens, scaling capacity, and defining testing goals.

The National Development Plan 2023-2027 (PDN) includes an objective to strengthen the national immunization coverage (Priority 18.2.1). ²⁶⁰ The PDN includes measures to strengthen routine vaccination, ensure sustainable funding for the purchase of routine vaccines and vaccination material, organize immunization campaigns, and others. ²⁶¹ However, there is no mention of conducting testing during a public health emergency. ²⁶²

The National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 defines the actions and organisations involved in emergency planning and response. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of increase testing capacity during a public health emergency. ²⁶³

Neither the Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction (Presidential Decree No. 30/16 of 3 February 2016) nor the National Strategy for Climate Change 2022-2035 (Presidential Decree No. 216/22 of 23 August 2022) mention such initiatives. ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁵

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola lacks a strategic evaluation of emergency risks, and suggested develop plans and standard operational procedures based on the public health emergency management systems. ²⁶⁶ However, there is no mention of measures for conducting testing during a public health emergency. ²⁶⁷ There is no further evidence on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰

2.1.2 Laboratory quality systems

2.1.2a Existence of an accredited national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a national laboratory that serves as an internationally accredited reference facility.

Pursuant to Article 1 of Presidential Decree No. 177 of 22 May 2019, the National Institute for Health Research (INIS) is is a national institution for scientific research, technological development and innovation, responsible for generating, developing and disseminating scientific, technological and strategic knowledge about health and its determinants, aiming to contribute to the strengthening of public policies and the improvement of the National Health System, for the well-being of the population of Angola. ²⁷¹

In 2023, INIS undertook efforts to to improve its capacities to receive international accreditation. ²⁷² According to the report, the audit would be conducted in April 2024. ²⁷³ However, there is no evidence on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and INIS that it has been granted. ²⁷⁴ ²⁷⁵

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) underscored that INIS is the reference laboratory, providing not only diagnostic services but also research and teaching support functions, and receiving assistance from several international partners, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Bank. ²⁷⁶ The document also noted that the laboratory participates in certain external quality control programmes. ²⁷⁷ Nevertheless, it recommended increased financial resources for the national laboratory system, as well as the strengthening of laboratory capacities and their supervision. It also highlighted the absence of a national quality management system for laboratories and suggested the development of a national policy for the certification of reference laboratories, together with the allocation of budgetary resources to enable participation in external quality assessment programmes. ²⁷⁸

2.1.2b External quality assurance of a national lab serving as a reference facility

Score: 100

There is evidence that a national laboratory in Angola that serves as a reference facility which is subject to external quality assurance review.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation of Angola (2019), INIS is subject to external quality assurance review, and it operates as a reference laboratory, receiving support from several international partners, such as WHO, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Bank. ²⁸¹

In 2023, INIS undertook efforts to to improve its capacities to receive international accreditation. ²⁸² According to the report, the audit would be conducted in April 2024. ²⁸³ However, there is no evidence on the website of the Ministry of Health or INIS that it has been granted. ²⁸⁴ ²⁸⁵

2.2 Laboratory supply chains

2.2.1 Specimen referral and transport system

2.2.1a Nationwide specimen transport system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a nationwide specimen transport system.

The Animal Health Law (Law No. 4 of 13 August 2004) regulates the production, trafficking, import, and export of animals, their products, and by-products in Angola. ²⁸⁶ Pursuant to Article 18, the entry or exit of animals, their products and by-products, remains, and fodder without proper authorisation from the competent sanitary authority is forbidden. ²⁸⁷ However, it makes no mention of a nationwide specimen transport system. ²⁸⁸

According to Article 4, Section (1), of Presidential Decree No. 104/15 of 28 April 2015, the Institute of Veterinary Services, a governmental body within the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests of Angola, is responsible for applying the provisions of Law No. 4 on Animal Health. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of a nationwide specimen transport system. ²⁸⁹

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation Report for Angola (2019) states that more healthcare professionals need to be certified for the transportation of infectious materials in accordance with international standards. However, it provides no evidence of a nationwide specimen transport system. ²⁹⁰

2.2.2 Laboratory cooperation and coordination

2.2.2a Plan to rapidly authorize/license laboratories to scale-up testing during an outbreak

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has a plan in place to rapidly authorize or license laboratories to supplement the capacity of the national public health laboratory system to scale-up testing during an outbreak.

There is no evidence of such mechanisms on the Presidential Decree No. 191 of 1 September 2010, which regulates pharmaceutical activities, or Presidential Decree No. 180 of 18 August 2010, which approved the National Pharmaceutical Policy. ²⁹¹ ²⁹²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) does not mention rapid authorization or licensing of laboratories during public health emergencies. ²⁹³ There is no further evidence on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ²⁹⁴ ²⁹⁵ ²⁹⁶

2.3 Real-time surveillance and reporting

2.3.1 Indicator and event-based surveillance and reporting systems

2.3.1a Evidence of ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis

Score: 50

There is evidence that Angola is conducting ongoing event-based and indicator-based surveillance and analysis for notifiable and novel infectious diseases. However, there is no evidence that the data is being analyzed on a daily basis.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), data analysis is conducted using indicators such as prevalence, incidence, and lethality, applying statistical parameters. ²⁹⁷ The report also notes the existence of the Epidemiological Data Processing Centre (CPDE, Centro de Processamento de Dados Epidemiológico) as the centralised mechanism for consolidating data derived from notifications. Furthermore, it highlights that the country produces epidemiological bulletins on a weekly, monthly, quarterly, biannual, and annual basis. ²⁹⁸

During the COVID-19 outbreak, Angola implemented an event-based surveillance system, the Angola HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android). ²⁹⁹ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance for COVID-19. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage COVID-19 data at the national level. ³⁰⁰

In addition, Angola implemented Health Alert, an open-source mobile health platform designed to enable data-driven decision-making at all levels of the health system that can operate offline, allowing the country to build localized applications for immunization, rapid malaria diagnosis and management, and tuberculosis treatment management. ³⁰¹

In 2023, the Ministry of Health, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and funding from the European Union, developed a comprehensive training programme aimed at upskilling 35 professionals from the Extended Programme on Immunization (EPI) as part of a strategy to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and disease prevention in Angola at the local level. ³⁰² ³⁰³ As a result, 95% of municipalities in Zaire Province submitted surveillance reports on time and increased the reporting of suspected measles cases. ³⁰⁴

The Ministry of Health, with the technical and financial support of WHO and the European Union, has also been developing a programme to strengthen the training of technicians at the CPDE in DHIS2, in order to ensure the accurate and up-to-date input, extraction, analysis, and visualisation of epidemiological data. This capacity is essential to enable sound public health decision-making. In 2023, the first central-level DHIS2 training was conducted, during which 20 healthcare technicians were trained in health data processing and analysis, as well as in the preparation and regular dissemination of key health information through national epidemiological bulletins. ³⁰⁵

2.3.1b Evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO within the set timeline

Score: 100

There is publicly available evidence of a mechanism (such as IHR focal point) for reporting notifiable diseases to the World Health Organization (WHO) within the set timeline.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), Angola has mechanisms for reporting notifiable diseases to the WHO, including an IHR focal point. ³⁰⁶ The National Public Health Directorate (DNSP), the National Health Research Institute (INIS), and the Public Health General Inspection (IGSP) are the IHR focal points. ³⁰⁷

In 2025, Angola notified the WHO about a cholera outbreak in the country. ³⁰⁸

2.3.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting systems

2.3.2a Electronic national and sub-national reporting surveillance system

Score: 100

The Government of Angola operates an electronic reporting surveillance system at both the national and the sub-national level.

Angola has implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³⁰⁹ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage data at the national level. ³¹⁰

In 2023, the Ministry of Health, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and funding from the European Union, developed a comprehensive training programme aimed at upskilling 35 professionals from the Extended Programme on Immunization (EPI) as part of a strategy to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and disease prevention in Angola at the local level. ³¹² ³¹³ As a result, 95% of municipalities in Zaire Province submitted surveillance reports on time and increased the reporting of suspected measles cases. ³¹⁴

2.3.2b Collection of ongoing/real-time lab data by electronic surveillance system

Score: 50

The electronic reporting surveillance system in Angola collects ongoing or real-time laboratory data. However, there is no evidence it can be disaggregated and analysed by age, ethnicity, or other variables.

Angola implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³¹⁶ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage health data at the national level. ³¹⁷ However, there is no evidence whether data is disaggregated. ³¹⁸

In 2023, the Ministry of Health, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and funding from the European Union, developed a comprehensive training programme aimed at upskilling 35 professionals from the Extended Programme on Immunization (EPI) as part of a strategy to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and disease prevention in Angola at the local level. ³²¹ ³²² As a result, 95% of municipalities in Zaire Province submitted surveillance reports on time and increased the reporting of suspected measles cases. ³²³ However, there is no evidence whether data is disaggregated. ³²⁴ ³²⁵

2.3.3 Wastewater surveillance

2.3.3a National wastewater surveillance programme or initiative

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has an ongoing robust system of environmental sampling at the national level. Established in 2014, the country sewage collection points in the capital city of Luanda (4 collection points; an additional ad hoc site was established in Chitato district, following the confirmation of the first cVDPV2 case in May 2019), Benguela province (2 points), Huambo province (1 point), and Lunda Norte province (1 point). One liter of raw sewage is collected at each sampling site. ³²⁸ Such environmental sampling has been used for poliovirus detection.

Moreover, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) launched the Wastewater Surveillance for Africa (WWS) Initiative in July 2024, running to December 2026. The initiative’s goal is to support 54 African countries, helping them scale up wastewater surveillance systems to enhance both public health and ecosystem resilience, and build pandemic preparedness. While there is no explicit mention of Angola's coverage by the initiative, it aims to cover all 54 countries on the continent. ³²⁹

Since 2013, the GPEI supported ES in five countries (Afghanistan, Angola, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan).³³⁰ There is evidence of some wastewater and environmental surveillance (WES) activity within the country. The WHO and GPEI Q4 2025 Polio ES Bulletin lists the country as having 15 ES sites as of Q4 in 2025, although it is unclear whether these are at the national level and are ongoing.³³¹

There is evidence of private-sector services – SGS Angola offers wastewater epidemiology services, including detection of pathogens like polio or COVID‑19 through qPCR and next-generation sequencing. This reflects a private‑sector capacity for testing, but is not a national, government‑led surveillance programme. ³³²

2.4 Surveillance data accessibility and transparency

2.4.1 Coverage and use of electronic health records

2.4.1a Common usage of electronic health records

Score: 50

Electronic health records are not commonly used in Angola, but there is evidence they are used.

Angola implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³³³ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage health data at the national level. ³³⁴

In 2023, the Ministry of Health, with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and funding from the European Union, developed a comprehensive training programme aimed at upskilling 35 professionals from the Extended Programme on Immunization (EPI) as part of a strategy to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and disease prevention in Angola at the local level. ³³⁶ ³³⁷ As a result, 95% of municipalities in Zaire Province submitted surveillance reports on time and increased the reporting of suspected measles cases. ³³⁸

However, there is evidence that many healthcare facilities still rely on paper-based data collection, such as the Sanatorium Hospital in Luanda and the Tuberculosis Dispensary of Luanda. ³⁴⁰

2.4.1b Public health system access to individual electronic health records

Score: 100

Angola has a national public health system with access to electronic health records for individuals in the country.

Angola implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³⁴¹ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage health data at the national level. ³⁴² It also includes individual-level data (p. 10). ³⁴³

2.4.1c Existence of data standards for health record data comparability

Score: 0

There is no evidence that there are data standards to ensure data is comparable (e.g. ISO standards).

During the COVID-19 outbreak, Angola implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³⁴⁴ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance for COVID-19. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage COVID-19 data at the national level. ³⁴⁵ However, there is no information whether there are data standards to ensure comparability of data. ³⁴⁶ ³⁴⁷ ³⁴⁸

2.4.2 Data integration between human, animal and environmental health sectors

2.4.2a Data sharing mechanisms

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an established mechanism at relevant ministries to share surveillance data on animal, human, and wildlife health.

Angola implemented the HMIS (DHIS2 + Tracker + Android) for electronic surveillance. ³⁴⁹ DHIS2 is an open-source, web-based platform typically used as a national health information system for data management and analysis, health programme monitoring and evaluation, facility registries, service availability mapping, logistics management, and mobile tracking of pregnant women in rural communities. It supports the collection, analysis, visualisation, and sharing of both aggregate and individual-level data, including mobile and offline data collection via the DHIS2 Android app. In Angola, DHIS2 serves as the primary health management system and is used for accelerated case detection, situation reporting, and active surveillance. The government collaborates with implementing partners to train community health workers to collect and manage health data at the national level. ³⁵⁰ The system is accessible for different government authorities. ³⁵¹ However, it does not include animal or wildlife health. ³⁵²

There is no evidence on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ³⁵³ ³⁵⁴

2.4.3 Transparency of surveillance data

2.4.3a Availability of de-identified health surveillance data on disease outbreaks

Score: 100

Angola makes de-identified health surveillance data publicly available. However, it is limited to cholera.

The Ministry of Health publishes weekly informative bulletins on cholera, which include the number of cases, number of deaths, and number of samples under processing, with the data disaggregated by age and region. ³⁵⁵ ³⁵⁶ The data are de-identified. ³⁵⁷ ³⁵⁸

2.4.4 Ethical considerations during surveillance

2.4.4a Confidentiality legislation/regulations for identifiable health information

Score: 100

Angola has legislation that safeguards the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals.

Pursuant to Article 5, Section c, of Law on the Protection of Personal Data (Law No. 22 of 29 December 2011), health information of individuals is considered sensitive data. ³⁵⁹ Article 14 states that health data can only be released if there is unequivocal consent, clearly expressed in written form by the person in question or via authorization by the Agency of Data Protection. ³⁶⁰

2.4.4b Inclusion of cyber protections in health data confidentiality law/regulation

Score: 100

The Angolan legal framework safeguarding the confidentiality of identifiable health information for individuals, such as that generated through health surveillance activities, include mention of protections from cyber attacks (e.g. ransomware).

Angola has ratified the African Union Convention on Cybersecurity on 2 December 21 February 2020, which includes articles that specifically deal with the health information of individuals. ³⁶¹ Pursuant to Article 10, the "processing of personal data involving genetic information and health research" must be-identified. ³⁶² The document outlines some general practices and guidelines for personal data to be accessed, in order to safeguard their confidentiality, such as the requirement to provide the purpose of the use of data, the details on how the data will be processed, and others. Article 10 also covers data involving offenses and convictions, biometric data, and others. ³⁶³ Additionally, in accordance with Article 25, Section (1), "each State Party must adopt legislative and/or regulatory measures it deems effective to classify as substantive criminal offences any acts that affect the confidentiality, integrity, availability, and survival of information and communication technology systems, the data they process, and the underlying network infrastructures. It must also adopt effective measures for the investigation and prosecution of offenders. State Parties should take into consideration the choice of language used in international best practices". ³⁶⁴

Furthermore, as per Article 29, Section (2), State Parties must take legislative action to criminalize violations of data privacy, including: (i) fraudulently intercepting or attempting to intercept, through technical means, computer data during its non-public transmission to, from, or within a computer system; (ii) fraudulently obtaining, for oneself or for another, any benefit through the insertion, alteration, deletion, or suppression of computer data, or by any other means that interferes with the functioning of a computer system; (iii) participating in an association formed or an agreement established with the intent to prepare or commit one or more of the offences set forth in this Convention; and other related acts. ³⁶⁵

2.4.5 International data sharing

2.4.5a Cooperative commitments or agreements within regions

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has made commitments to share data during emergencies for more than one disease.

Angola is a member of African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and participates in the “Communique on Cross-Border Coordination, Partnerships, and Communication for Ebola Virus Disease Preparedness in At-Risk Member States” that states the “Prompt communication of epidemiological and laboratory surveillance data and other relevant reports” on 21 October 2019, one of several actions to address the ebola outbreak during that time at the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ³⁶⁶

Angola is member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), whose members are signatories of the 1999 Protocol on Health, signed on 18 May 1999. Article 6 of the protocol states that "Member States shall share information on health systems research and surveillance and co-operate and assist each other in its dissemination", however the public health emergency provisions are not comprehensive to include data sharing (Protocol on Health). ³⁶⁷

There is also evidence that Angola shares data with other countries, as it has signed memorandums of understanding (MOUs) with Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Angola and Zambia signed a MOU on 7 October 2018, for sharing information, assistance, promoting health campaigns in border regions of the two countries, and strengthen border control in case of outbreaks of cholera and malaria. In March 2018, Angola and DRC signed a MOU for collaboration in epidemiological surveillance, laboratory support, case treatments, vaccination, and the management of epidemics in the region on 1 March 2018.

2.5 Case-based investigation

2.5.1 Case investigation and contact tracing

2.5.1a National support to conduct contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a national system in place to provide support at the sub-national level for conducting contact tracing in the event of a public health emergency.

The National Institute for Health Research (INIS) provides training on epidemiological surveillance. ³⁶⁸ However, there is no reference to a national system to provide support at the sub-national level for conducting contact tracing in the event of an active or future public health emergency. ³⁶⁹

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) recommended Angola to create multi-year human resources training programs for the healthcare sector to enable sustainable development of the workforce. ³⁷⁰ However, there is no mention of a national system to provide support at the sub-national level. ³⁷¹ It also states that there is a handbook of notifications and surveillance for priority diseases that is linked to a system of epidemiological surveillance, but there is no evidence of that this system provide support at sub-national level for conducting contact tracing in the event of an active or future public health emergency. ³⁷² According to the report the country shares the data of healthcare emergencies through e-mail and phone to the responsible authorities, there is no evidence of a system for for this matter. ³⁷³

However, there is evidence of some ad hoc training at the local level, in which the Ministry of Health, with the technical and financial support of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union, conducted training for 20 healthcare technicians in health data processing and analysis in 2023. ³⁷⁴

There is no further evidence on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ³⁷⁵ ³⁷⁶ ³⁷⁷

2.5.1b Provision of wraparound services to enable self-isolation/quarantine as recommended

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola provides wraparound services to enable infected people and their contacts to self-isolate as recommended, including economic support and medical attention.

The Ministry of Health's "National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025" includes provisions on the prevention and response to epidemics, such as allocate budget to address epidemics, train healthcare professionals, publish regular reports, and others. ³⁷⁸ However, there is no mention of wraparound services. ³⁷⁹

There is no mention of wraparound services on the General Law of the National Health System (Law No. 21-B/92 of 11 April 1992). ³⁸⁰ There is no further evidence on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ³⁸¹ ³⁸² ³⁸³

2.5.2 Point of entry management

2.5.2a Strategy for tracing and quarantining international travelers

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a joint plan or cooperative agreement between the public health system and the Border Guard Police to identify suspected and potential cases in international travelers and to trace and quarantine their contacts in the event of a public health emergency.

There is no evidence of such plan or cooperative agreement on the Angolan legislative database, the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of the Interior, or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ³⁸⁴ ³⁸⁵ ³⁸⁶ ³⁸⁷ ³⁸⁸ There is no evidence of such plan on the official Facebook page of the Angolan Border Guard Police. ³⁸⁹

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) does not mention such joint plan or cooperative agreement either. ³⁹⁰

2.6 Epidemiology workforce

2.6.1 Existence of applied epidemiology training program such FETP and FETPV

2.6.1a Access to field epidemiology training program in country and/or abroad

Score: 100

Angola has an applied epidemiology training program (such as FETP). However, there is no evidence that the government provides resources to send citizens to another country to participate in these programs.

Angola is a member of the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), which has already trained 23 Advanced FELTP graduates and 109 Frontline FELTP graduates. ³⁹¹ Angola is also supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in this area, as the CDC "continues to support the MoH in implementing the Field Epidemiology Laboratory Training Program (FELTP) and complementary, shorter applied epidemiology courses". ³⁹²

Moreover, the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola's advanced FETP is on its 5th edition with several graduates. ³⁹³ It highlights that Angola has FETP program with advanced and intermediate levels, and intends to implement at the basic level. ³⁹⁴

However, there is no evidence of government-funded programs to send citizens to study in another countries in epidemiology training programs. ³⁹⁵ ³⁹⁶ ³⁹⁷

2.6.1b Existence of field epidemiology training for animal health professionals

Score: 100

There is evidence Angola has field epidemiology training programs for animal health professionals.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola's advanced FETP is on its 5th edition with several graduates, including veterinarians. ³⁹⁸ According to the document, Angola has field epidemiology training programs for animal health professionals.

2.6.2 Epidemiology workforce capacity

2.6.2a Evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 200,000 people.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola has a "reduced number of healthcare professionals". ³⁹⁹ However, it does not present the specific number of epidemiologists in the country. ⁴⁰⁰

As per the Annual Health Statistics (2020), published by the Ministry of Health, Angola has 2.48 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants. ⁴⁰¹ However, there is no mention of trained field epidemiologists per 200,000 people. ⁴⁰²

There is no evidence of at least 1 trained field epidemiologist per 2000,000 people on the official website of the Ministry of Health or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁴⁰³ ⁴⁰⁴

Rapid Response

3.1 Emergency preparedness and response planning

3.1.1 National public health emergency preparedness and response plan

3.1.1a National emergency response plan for diseases with pandemic potential

Score: 33.33

Angola has disease-specific plans, but there is no evidence of an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes projects related to epidemics preparedness and response. ⁴⁰⁵ The PNDS outlines that "epidemics and natural disasters (floods and droughts) affect health". ⁴⁰⁶ It includes measures to allocate financial resources to epidemics preparedness and response, strengthen provincial and municipal multisectoral teams, establish training programs, increase early alert systems capacity, create contingency stocks and kits, create a database of healthcare professionals, and others. ⁴⁰⁷ It also includes measures to strengthen Provincial and Municipal Committees to tackle epidemics, implement roadmaps for local authorities to handle epidemics, implement annual meetings with healthcare professionals from the country, and others. ⁴⁰⁸ It has disease-specific measures focused on malaria, HIV/SIDA, and tuberculosis. ⁴⁰⁹ However, the PNDS is not designed as an overarching national public health emergency response plan. ⁴¹⁰

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola does not have a contingency plan for multiple threats, but highlights that the country has contingency plans for health emergencies that already ocurred, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika virus, malaria, and droughts. ⁴¹¹ In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴¹²

The National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 lays out the actions and organizations for planning and responding to emergencies, but there is no evidence that Angola has an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. ⁴¹³

In a 2024 official statement from the Government of Angola, the country reported to have updated the National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters, and the National Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction, both for the period 2024 to 2027. ⁴¹⁴

However, there is no evidence of such updated plans on the Angolan legislative database, the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁴¹⁵ ⁴¹⁶ ⁴¹⁷

3.1.1b National public health emergency response plan published in past 3 years

Score: 0

Angola does not have an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes projects related to epidemics preparedness and response. ⁴¹⁸ The PNDS outlines that ""epidemics and natural disasters (floods and droughts) affect health"". ⁴¹⁹ It includes measures to allocate financial resources to epidemics preparedness and response, strengthen provincial and municipal multisectoral teams, establish training programs, increase early alert systems capacity, create contingency stocks and kits, create a database of healthcare professionals, and others. ⁴²⁰ It also includes measures to strengthen Provincial and Municipal Committees to tackle epidemics, implement roadmaps for local authorities to handle epidemics, implement annual meetings with healthcare professionals from the country, and others. ⁴²¹ However, the PNDS is not designed as an overarching national public health emergency response plan, and it has not been updated in the past three years. ⁴²²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola does not have a contingency plan for multiple threats, but highlights that the country has contingency plans for health emergencies that already ocurred, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika virus, malaria, and droughts. ⁴²³ In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴²⁴

3.1.1c One health principles by covering multiple threat types

Score: 0

Angola does not have an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes projects related to epidemics preparedness and response. ⁴³⁰ The PNDS outlines that "epidemics and natural disasters (floods and droughts) affect health". ⁴³¹ It includes measures to allocate financial resources to epidemics preparedness and response, strengthen provincial and municipal multisectoral teams, establish training programs, increase early alert systems capacity, create contingency stocks and kits, create a database of healthcare professionals, and others. ⁴³² It also includes measures to strengthen Provincial and Municipal Committees to tackle epidemics, implement roadmaps for local authorities to handle epidemics, implement annual meetings with healthcare professionals from the country, and others. ⁴³³ However, the PNDS is not designed as an overarching national public health emergency response plan, and it does not cover multiple threat types, such as antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic disease spillover, biological accidents or deliberate acts. ⁴³⁴

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola does not have a contingency plan for multiple threats, but highlights that the country has contingency plans for health emergencies that already ocurred, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika virus, malaria, and droughts. ⁴³⁵ In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴³⁶

3.1.1d Vulnerable populations in national public health emergency response plan

Score: 0

Angola does not have an overarching national public health emergency response plan in place which addresses planning for multiple communicable diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes projects related to epidemics preparedness and response. ⁴⁴² The PNDS outlines that "epidemics and natural disasters (floods and droughts) affect health". ⁴⁴³ It includes measures to allocate financial resources to epidemics preparedness and response, strengthen provincial and municipal multisectoral teams, establish training programs, increase early alert systems capacity, create contingency stocks and kits, create a database of healthcare professionals, and others. ⁴⁴⁴ It also includes measures to strengthen Provincial and Municipal Committees to tackle epidemics, implement roadmaps for local authorities to handle epidemics, implement annual meetings with healthcare professionals from the country, and others. ⁴⁴⁵ However, the PNDS is not designed as an overarching national public health emergency response plan, and it does not consider the impact on health equity, or include mechanisms for identifying and considering the needs of vulnerable populations. ⁴⁴⁶

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola does not have a contingency plan for multiple threats, but highlights that the country has contingency plans for health emergencies that already ocurred, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika virus, malaria, and droughts. ⁴⁴⁷ In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴⁴⁸

3.1.2 Private sector involvement in response planning

3.1.2a Mechanism to engage private sector in outbreak preparedness/response

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a specific mechanism for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response.

Pursuant to Article 15 of Law No. 28 of 22 May 2003 (General Civil Protection Law), the National Civil Protection Commission is the specialized body providing technical advice and operational coordination for the activities of civil protection bodies and structures. ⁴⁵⁴ The CNPC is under the purview of the Ministry of the Interior, and it is comprised of representatives of several ministries, such as National Defense, the Interior, Planning, Health, and others, as well as the General Commander of the National Police, the Army, the Firefighters Department, the National Civil Protection Service, the Civil Aviation Directorate, the Marine Merchant and Ports Authority, and the Institute of Meteorology. ⁴⁵⁵ However, there is no mention of the private sector. ⁴⁵⁶

The Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction, enacted through Presidential Decree No. 30/16 of 3 February 2016, includes the specific goal of mobilizing national institutions, as well as the private, academic, and civil society sectors, to reduce the country’s vulnerability in the economic, social, and environmental spheres. ⁴⁵⁷ It also sets forth plans to strengthen the coordination of public and private services that perform planning-related functions, so that in the event of a serious accident or catastrophe, the continuity of government action, the protection of the population and the environment, and the safeguarding of national heritage are guaranteed. ⁴⁵⁸ Nevertheless, there is no evidence of a specific mechanism in place to achieve these objectives. ⁴⁵⁹

The National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 lays out the actions and organizations for planning and responding to emergencies. ⁴⁶⁰ The private sector is mentioned for upcoming implementations of measures related to the monitoring and response of emergencies, but there is no evidence of a specific mechanism for engaging with the private sector to assist with outbreak emergency preparedness and response in the plan. ⁴⁶¹

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), there is no formal communication mechanism for coordinated response in case of emergencies, even though security authorities and the Ministry of Health can be notified. ⁴⁶²

3.1.3 Non-pharmaceutical interventions planning

3.1.3a Policy/plan/guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has a policy, plan or guidelines in place to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during an epidemic or pandemic. However, it is specific for one disease.

There is no mention of NPIs during an epidemic on Law No. 28 of 22 May 2003 (General Civil Protection Law), Presidential Decree No. 30/16 of 3 February 2016 (Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction) or the National Plan for Preparedness, Contingency, Response, and Recovery from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019. ⁴⁶⁷ ⁴⁶⁸ ⁴⁶⁹

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) does not mention NPIs either. ⁴⁷⁰

There is no evidence of such mechanism on the Angolan legislative database, the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁴⁷¹ ⁴⁷² ⁴⁷³

In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁴⁷⁴ It contains NPIs, such as prevention measures (avoidance of crowds, promotion of PPE usage, and isolation of suspected cases and their contacts). ⁴⁷⁵ Nevertheless, the contingency plan is no longer active. ⁴⁷⁶

3.2 Exercising response plans

3.2.1 Activating response plans

3.2.1a Completion of biological-focused IHR exercise with the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Angola has activated an emergency response plan for an infectious disease in the past year, and conducted a national-level biological threat-focused exercise.

In 2024, Angola activated its National Contingency Plan for the Control of Monkeypox as precautionary measures to implement prevention and swift response actions of a possible outbreak of MPOX. ⁴⁷⁷ ⁴⁷⁸ The plan includes epidemiological surveillance measures such as early detection of suspected cases and identification of contacts and assessment of the evolution of the epidemic, as well as the effectiveness of control measures. ⁴⁷⁹

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "in 2024, Angola showcased impressive preparedness and swift action in response to the emerging threat of MPOX" With the global outbreak raising alarms, WHO was crucial in coordinating and supporting national efforts to prevent, detect, and control MPOX". ⁴⁸⁰

Additionally, Angola conducted a tabletop simulation exercise in April 2025 focused on a cholera outbreak. ⁴⁸¹ The simulation presented a scenario of extensive flooding leading to a cholera outbreak, allowing participants to test coordination mechanisms and apply the newly developed documents in a realistic setting. ⁴⁸² The initiative brought together 30 participants from across sectors, including health, environment, laboratories, civil protection, and the national police, as well as representatives from regional and international partners such as the Africa CDC, the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and the REDISSE IV project. ⁴⁸³

However, the plan is not publicly available and there is no evidence of a national-level biological threat-focused exercise on the Angolan legislative database, the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁴⁸⁴ ⁴⁸⁵ ⁴⁸⁶

3.2.1b Evidence of bio-focused exercise to identify gaps/best practices

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola, in the past year, has identified a list of gaps and best practices in response to health emergencies, and no evidence was found that a plan was developed in this regard.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report for Angola 2024 reports on the efforts made to respond to health emergencies in the past and makes suggestions on what needs to be improved. Still, there is no evidence of a list of gaps and best practices in response to health emergencies, and no evidence was found that a plan was developed in this regard. ⁴⁸⁷

There is no evidence of such assessment on the Angolan legislative database, the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁴⁸⁸ ⁴⁸⁹ ⁴⁹⁰

3.2.2 Private sector engagement in exercises

3.2.2a Evidence of national-level biological threat-focused exercise that includes private sector

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has undergone a national-level biological threat-focused exercise that has included private sector representatives in the past year.

There is no evidence of such exercise on the the World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report for Angola for 2024. ⁴⁹¹ There is no further evidence on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of the Interior, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁴⁹² ⁴⁹³ ⁴⁹⁴ ⁴⁹⁵

3.3 Emergency response operation

3.3.1 Emergency response operation

3.3.1a Existence of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)

Score: 100

Angola has an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in place.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), there are EOCs in Angola specialized in public health emergencies, the Public Health Emergency Operations Centers (COUSP), created in 2018, in which the Ministry of Health takes over coordination in case of emergencies. ⁴⁹⁶ In March 2025, the WHO and the Ministry of Health conducted several strategic activities to reinforce COUSP in Angola, such as the multisectoral development and review of governance documents. ⁴⁹⁷

3.3.1b Requirement for EOC to conduct/evidence EOC conducts at least annual drills

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in Angola is required to conduct a drill for a public health emergency scenario at least once per year, or evidence that it conducts a drill at least once per year.

Pursuant to Article 20 of the General Civil Protection Law (Law No. 28 of 22 May 2003), emergency operations center are activated at national, provincial, or municipal level, depending on the nature, the severity and the extent of the foreseeable effects of disasters, at national, provincial or municipal level are activated, specifically designed to ensure control of the situation. ⁴⁹⁸ However, there is no mention of required drills. ⁴⁹⁹

In March 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health conducted several strategic activities to reinforce Angola's EOC, such as the multisectoral development and review of governance documents. ⁵⁰⁰ However, there is no evidence they are neither mandatory nor regular. ⁵⁰¹

Additionally, Angola conducted a tabletop simulation exercise in April 2025 focused on a cholera outbreak. ⁵⁰² The simulation presented a scenario of extensive flooding leading to a cholera outbreak, allowing participants to test coordination mechanisms and apply the newly developed documents in a realistic setting. ⁵⁰³ The initiative brought together 30 participants from across sectors, including health, environment, laboratories, civil protection, and the national police, as well as representatives from regional and international partners such as the Africa CDC, the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and the REDISSE IV project. ⁵⁰⁴ However, there is no reference as to whether this was part of regular simulations conducted by the Angolan authorities. ⁵⁰⁵

There is no further evidence of such requirement or practice on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of Interior, or the Ministry of Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁵⁰⁶ ⁵⁰⁷ ⁵⁰⁸ ⁵⁰⁹ ⁵¹⁰

3.3.1c EOC activation within 120 minutes of identification of emergency/scenario

Score: 100

There is no evidence to show that the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in Angola has conducted a coordinated emergency response activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency in the last year.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report for Angola (2024), the EOC in Angola was activated for the polio response with a dedicated Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Coordination in 2024. ⁵¹¹ It included "conducting a rapid risk assessment, strengthening surveillance systems, and organizing four large-scale vaccination campaigns that administered approximately 17 million doses of the nOPV2 vaccine". ⁵¹²

The WHO reported on 5 May 2025, that the Ministry of Health of Angola has adopted the establishment of Public Health Emergency Operations Centers (PHEOC) to address the ongoing cholera outbreak in the country. ⁵¹³ However, there is no evidence that the it was activated within 120 minutes of the identification of the public health emergency. ⁵¹⁴ ⁵¹⁵

3.4 Linking public health and security authorities

3.4.1 Public health and security authorities linked for a biological event

3.4.1a Joint exercise/procedures for potential deliberate biological events

Score: 0

There is no evidence evidence that Angola has carried out an exercise to respond to a potential deliberate biological event or a standard operating procedures, guidelines, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), or other agreements between the public health, animal health, the private sector and security authorities to respond to a potential deliberate biological event.

There is no evidence of such exercises or agreements on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of Interior, or the Ministry of Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁵¹⁶ ⁵¹⁷ ⁵¹⁸ ⁵¹⁹ ⁵²⁰

Angola signed agreements with the Democratic Republic of Congo (2018) and Zambia (2018) on health-related issues, but there is no evidence they include provisions related to a potential deliberate biological event. ⁵²¹ ⁵²²

3.5 Risk communication

3.5.1 Risk communication planning

3.5.1a Risk communication plan for specific use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a national public health emergency response plan in place.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes projects related to epidemics preparedness and response. ⁵²³ The PNDS outlines that "epidemics and natural disasters (floods and droughts) affect health". ⁵²⁴ It includes measures to allocate financial resources to epidemics preparedness and response, strengthen provincial and municipal multisectoral teams, establish training programs, increase early alert systems capacity, create contingency stocks and kits, create a database of healthcare professionals, and others. ⁵²⁵ It also includes measures to strengthen Provincial and Municipal Committees to tackle epidemics, implement roadmaps for local authorities to handle epidemics, implement annual meetings with healthcare professionals from the country, and others. ⁵²⁶ However, the PNDS is not designed as an overarching national public health emergency response plan. ⁵²⁷

The World Health Organization (WHO)’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola does not have a contingency plan for multiple threats, but highlights that the country has contingency plans for health emergencies that already ocurred, such as cholera, dengue, yellow fever, Ebola, Zika virus, malaria, and droughts. ⁵²⁸ In February 2020, the Interministerial Commission for Emergencies enacted the National Contingency Plan for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which described measures to be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. ⁵²⁹

Nevertheless, in August 2025, Angola held a national training session dedicated to the role of the media in responding to health emergencies. ⁵³² The training, promoted by the Ministry of Health (MINSA) and the Ministry of Telecommunications, Information Technology, and Social Communication (MINTTICS), with the support of the WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), was funded by the European Union and brought together more than 100 journalists and communicators from 13 provinces of the country. ⁵³³ The training marked the beginning of the creation of the Health Communication Network in Angola, a collaborative platform designed to strengthen the link between media outlets, local authorities, and international partners, promoting a more effective and coordinated response in crisis situations. ⁵³⁴

3.5.1b Inclusion of different population & sector needs in risk communication plan

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has risk communication documents that outlines how messages will reach populations and sectors with different communication needs.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), the Ministry of Health has a press and communication office that acts as its spokesperson. It also notes the existence of a communication team (Sub-commission on Communication and Social Mobilization), which is responsible for coordinating social and digital media communication in articulation with partners. ⁵³⁸ The document further highlights the existence of the National Commission for Civil Protection and Firefighters, which serves as the coordinating body for risk communication during large-scale emergencies, which has an intervention unit dedicated to risk communication during emergencies, with a functional structure at different levels of the National Health System, in collaboration with partners such as the Defence and Security Forces, health units, the Red Cross and Red Crescent, as well as governmental bodies, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), among others. ⁵³⁹ This structure allows for an almost comprehensive response to the public’s information needs during emergencies. In addition, there are established plans, agreements, and/or standard operating procedures (SOPs) for communication, shared with other entities involved in emergency response. ⁵⁴⁰

The JEE of Angola also identifies several strengths, including the existence of permanent staff or an intervention unit dedicated to risk communication during emergencies, and the clear definition of roles and responsibilities of communication personnel within response plans; and the availability of an exclusive emergency budget line dedicated to communication coordinators, the production of materials, and the implementation of risk communication activities. ⁵⁴¹

Neither the National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 nor the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015) specify strategies for communication, even though both recognize the importance of risk communication. ⁵⁴² ⁵⁴³

3.5.1c Designation of a specific government spokesperson during a public health emergency

Score: 100

Angola has designated a specific position within the government to serve as the primary spokesperson to the public during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), the Ministry of Health has a press and communication office that acts as its spokesperson. It also notes the existence of a communication team (Sub-commission on Communication and Social Mobilization), which is responsible for coordinating social and digital media communication in articulation with partners. ⁵⁴⁴ The document further highlights the existence of the National Commission for Civil Protection and Firefighters, which serves as the coordinating body for risk communication during large-scale emergencies, which has an intervention unit dedicated to risk communication during emergencies, with a functional structure at different levels of the National Health System, in collaboration with partners such as the Defence and Security Forces, health units, the Red Cross and Red Crescent, as well as governmental bodies, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), among others. ⁵⁴⁵

3.5.2 Public health systems communication

3.5.2a Government use of media platforms to share info on public health emergencies

Score: 100

There is evidence that the public health system in Angola has actively shared messages via online media platforms to inform the public about ongoing public health concerns and/or dispel rumors, misinformation or disinformation in the past year.

The Ministry of Health (MINSA) regularly posts on its Facebook page updates about ongoing public health concerns. In July 2025, MINSA posted about the availability of vaccines against cholera in the village of Cafunfo, in the province of Lunda-Norte, as well as the government's strategy to buy cholera vaccine shots with funding from the Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. ⁵⁴⁸ ⁵⁴⁹

In January 2024, MINSA posted on an extraordinary meeting of the Ministries of Health of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries to discuss actions to tackle the cholera epidemic. ⁵⁵⁰ In June 2023, MINSA posted on a vaccination campaign against the measles epidemic. ⁵⁵¹

3.5.2b Evidence that senior leaders have shared mis/disinformation on infectious diseases

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Angolan senior leaders have shared misinformation or disinformation on infectious diseases in the past two years.

There is no evidence of such statements on the media outlets Jornal de Angola, Novo Jornal, OPaís, or Jornal Expansão. ⁵⁵² ⁵⁵³ ⁵⁵⁴ ⁵⁵⁵ There is no further evidence of such remarks on the official website of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁵⁵⁶ ⁵⁵⁷

3.6 Access to communications infrastructure

3.6.1 Internet users

3.6.1a Percentage of households with Internet

Score: 48.39

3.6.2 Mobile subscribers

3.6.2a Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Score: 37.89

3.6.3 Female access to a mobile phone

3.6.3a Gender gap in access to a mobile phone (percentage points)

Score: 66.67

3.6.4 Female access to the Internet

3.6.4a Gender gap in access to the Internet (percentage points)

Score: 58.33

3.7 Trade and travel restrictions

3.7.1 Trade restrictions

3.7.1a Restrictions on export/import of medical goods due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Angola has implemented restrictions on export/import of medical goods in the past year due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no further evidence of such restrictions on the official website of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of Finances, the General Tax Authority, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁵⁵⁸ ⁵⁵⁹ ⁵⁶⁰ ⁵⁶¹ ⁵⁶² There is no evidence on the website of the Medicines and Health Technologies Regulatory Agency (ARMED) either. ⁵⁶³

In June 2021, ARMED suspended new processes of licensing new medical importers in Angola; however, the suspension was carried out because of the requirement for new studies of the Angolan market, and not due to the outbreak of an infectious disease. ⁵⁶⁴

3.7.1b Restrictions on movement and/or exports/imports due to disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has implemented restrictions on export/import of non-medical goods in the past year; however, the decision was not due to an infectious disease outbreak and based on international recommendations

In April 2025, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce suspended imports of wheat flour, cornmeal, refined sunflower, palm and soybean oils, school and professional lab coats, uniforms, including those for military and police use, confectionery products, drywall panels and hospital supplies. ⁵⁶⁵ However, the suspension was carried out based on a regime for incentives to national production, rather than an infectious disease outbreak. ⁵⁶⁶

There is no further evidence of such restrictions on the official website of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of Finances, the General Tax Authority, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁵⁶⁷ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁵⁶⁹ ⁵⁷⁰ ⁵⁷¹ There is no evidence on the website of the Medicines and Health Technologies Regulatory Agency (ARMED) either. ⁵⁷²

3.7.2 Travel restrictions

3.7.2a Evidence of travel ban due to an infectious disease outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Angola has implemented inbound or outbound travel restrictions due to an infectious disease outbreak.

There is no further evidence of such restrictions on the official website of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), the Ministry of Finances, the General Tax Authority, or the Ministry of National Defense and Veterans of the Homeland. ⁵⁷³ ⁵⁷⁴ ⁵⁷⁵ ⁵⁷⁶ ⁵⁷⁷ The website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism was not operational. ⁵⁷⁸

3.7.2b Risk-based approach to international travel-related measures

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola uses a risk-based approach to international travel-related measures.

In October 2023, Angola enacted legislation to revoke the requirement of an international yellow fever vaccination certificate from citizens of 148 countries considered free of the disease, including Portugal, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique, and East Timor. ⁵⁷⁹ Presidential Decree No. 197 of 25 October 2023 established the exemption for countries free of the disease, based on the updated list of the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁵⁸⁰

Health System

4.1 Health capacity in clinics, hospitals and community care centers

4.1.1 Available human resources for the broader healthcare system

4.1.1a Doctors per 100,000 people

Score: 3.14

4.1.1b Nurses and midwives per 100,000 people

Score: 16.2

4.1.1c Updated health workforce strategy to address human resource shortfalls

Score: 0

Angola has a health workforce strategy in place to identify fields where there is an insufficient workforce and strategies to address these shortcomings. However, the plan is not detailed, and it has not been updated in the past five years.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, includes a section about the development of human resources. ⁵⁸¹ It sets out measures to (i) ensure the annual allocation of positions in the public sector for recent graduates in the most critical areas of the national health sector; (ii) study the composition, distribution, and location of human resources for health across subsystems and levels of intervention; (iii) address staffing needs by level of care; (iv) promote the updating and implementation of legal instruments on allowances or remuneration supplements at the local level and expanding incentive schemes to facilitate the mobility of technical staff from central services to local services; (v) maintaining and expanding the hiring of foreign professionals to cover staffing shortages and contribute to the training of Angolan counterparts; among other measures. ⁵⁸²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "Angola has a limited number of healthcare professionals". ⁵⁸³ The document also states that the Ministry of Health has a plan for human resources in the health sector, but its name was not mentioned. ⁵⁸⁴

There is no further evidence of such plan on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁵⁸⁵ ⁵⁸⁶ ⁵⁸⁷

4.1.1d Health system capacity for essential health services

Score: 100

There is sufficient capacity within the health system to deliver essential health services in Angola.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) allocates a score of 4 to Angola on this measure, the highest possible. The JEE says that Angola is part of some regional/international personnel deployment agreements, such as the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), with support from the WHO and the World Bank. The system covers other sectors such as animal health and environmental health with regard to chemicals and radiation. The Angolan Armed Forces are involved in training personnel for case management when there is a public health emergency. The country has a pandemic preparedness plan or other emergency preparedness plan that includes personnel deployment, such as the Ebola plan. Areas needing reinforcement and challenges include developing a plan that addresses security, financial and training issues for health personnel who may be deployed or received during a public health emergency. [1

There are however, contextual issues. The public healthcare system in Angola suffers from insufficient human resources, lack of basic sanitation, low coverage of primary health care, and poor functioning, which causes overcrowding in medical emergencies in hospitals with a polyvalent or specialized level of care. [2]

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, underscores that “the health needs and the current problems faced by the National Health System (SNS) are mainly related to: (i) insufficient health coverage and weak maintenance of health units; (ii) the weak referral and counter-referral system among the three levels of the SNS; (iii) human and technical health resources that are quantitatively and qualitatively limited, with poor distribution of personnel in rural and peri-urban areas; (iv) weaknesses in the Health Management System, including the information, logistics, and communication systems; (v) the insufficiency of financial resources and inadequacy of the financing model; and (vi) the limited access to potable water, sanitation, and energy.” [3]

Nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Angola has seen significant improvements in its capacity to provide essential health services. Since 2017, the country has undertaken the construction, expansion, and rehabilitation of more than 163 new health units, 155 of which are for primary care. In the same period, bed capacity has increased from a minimum of 13,426 to 37,808. [4]

4.1.1e Essential health services continuity plan for public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a plan to ensure the continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), the National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 and the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015) do not present reference to the continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency. ⁵⁸⁸ ⁵⁸⁹ ⁵⁹⁰

Law No. 28 of 22 May 2003 (General Civil Protection Law) does not have provisions on the continuity of essential health services during a public health emergency. ⁵⁹²

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) states that the Ministry of Health (MINSA) takes over coordination for public health emergencies, but there is no evidence of a plan to ensure the continuity of essential health services during it; the document underscores that there is no coordination mechanism established. ⁵⁹⁶

4.1.2 Facilities capacity

4.1.2a Hospital beds per 100,000 people

Score: 15.84

4.1.2b In-country capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases

Score: 100

Angola has the capacity to isolate patients with highly communicable diseases in patient isolation rooms located within the country.

In November 2021, Angola inaugurated the Specialized Treatment Center for Epidemics and Pandemics (CETEP) in Calumbo, which includes 1,300 beds, and serves for the treatment of patients with COVID-19, tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria. ⁵⁹⁷ ⁵⁹⁸ CETEP also has dormitories, 73 intensive care beds that have monitors, fans, feeding pumps, among others. ⁵⁹⁹

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Annual Report for Angola (2024), "by the end of 2024, Angola registered four confirmed MPOX cases with no deaths, and suspected cases were promptly identified, isolated, and treated at designated healthcare facilities". ⁶⁰⁰

4.1.2c Demonstrated capacity / evidence of plan to expand isolation capacity

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has the capacity to expand isolation in response to an infectious disease outbreak or developed, updated or tested a plan to do so in the past two years.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), the National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 and the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015) do not present reference to a plan to expand isolation capacity in response to an infectious disease outbreak. ⁶⁰¹ ⁶⁰² ⁶⁰³

4.2 Supply chain for health system and healthcare workers

4.2.1 Routine health care and laboratory system supply

4.2.1a National procurement protocol for the acquisition of routine laboratory/medical supplies

Score: 100

Angola has a national legislation in place which can be utilized by the Ministries of Health and Agriculture for the acquisition of laboratory supplies and medical supplies for routine needs.

The Law of Public Contracts (Law No. 41 of 23 December 2020) is the public procurement law that covers the acquisition of goods and services by all public entities, setting procedures, competition requirements and oversight. ⁶⁰⁸ Additionally, Presidential Decree No. 88/18 of 6 April 2018 created the Public Procurement Unit (UCP), which has the remit of ensuring the correct application of the legal regime of public procurement by standardising processes and providing customised information (Article 5, Section b). ⁶⁰⁹

Moreover, procurements are conducted through the National Service of Public Contracts (SNCP), a system from the Ministry of Finance responsible for managing the public contract system. ⁶¹⁰ The SNCP has a research tool where procurements can be filtered by government departments, including the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Health Investigation (INIS). ⁶¹¹ The tool displays what the procurement requires, and medical and laboratory needs are identified as the acquisition of consumables. The procurement details can also be downloaded, as well as templates of public contracts. ⁶¹² ⁶¹³

4.2.2 Stockpiling for emergencies

4.2.2a Stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

Angola does not have a stockpile of medical supplies for national use during a public health emergency.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (2015), enacted by the Ministry of Health, includes a strategy to ensure the availability of essential medicine, pharmaceutical products, and medical equipment, and measures to ensure stock of medicine against tuberculosis, and others. ⁶¹⁴ However, the plan acknowledges that there are regular problem with stockpile of medical supplies in Angola. ⁶¹⁵

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "even though the country does not have a stockpile of medical countermeasures for national use during a public health emergency", the country has signed agreements with manufacturers and distributors, and there is available budget for purchase, shipping, and distribution of medical countermeasures and personal for response based on needs". ⁶¹⁶ It recommends the contry to ensure a stockpile of medical supplies for the use during a public health emergency. ⁶¹⁷

However, the Medical Resources Procurement Center (CECOMA), established through Presidential Decree No. 269/14 of 22 September 2014, is under the purview of the Ministry of Health, and it has the remit of stock management of medical supplies (Article 19). ⁶¹⁸ According to the Ministry of Health, CECOMA regularly supplies medicine and PPE for the provinces in Angola, particularly focused on primary healthcare. ⁶¹⁹ CECOMA is responsible for the national supply chain and procurement of medicines and medical equipment and conducts the distribution and logistics to support warehouses around the country. ⁶²⁰

There is no further evidence of a stockpile of medical supplies on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁶²¹ ⁶²² ⁶²³

4.2.2b Stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency

Score: 0

Angola does not have a stockpile of laboratory supplies for national use during a public health emergency.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (2015), enacted by the Ministry of Health, includes a strategy to ensure the availability of essential medicine, pharmaceutical products, and medical equipment, and measures to ensure stock of medicine against tuberculosis, and others. ⁶²⁴ However, the plan acknowledges that there are regular problem with stockpile of medical supplies in Angola. ⁶²⁵

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "even though the country does not have a stockpile of medical countermeasures for national use during a public health emergency", the country has signed agreements with manufacturers and distributors, and there is available budget for purchase, shipping, and distribution of medical countermeasures and personal for response based on needs". ⁶²⁶ It recommends the contry to ensure a stockpile of medical supplies for the use during a public health emergency. ⁶²⁷

However, the Medical Resources Procurement Center (CECOMA), established through Presidential Decree No. 269/14 of 22 September 2014, is under the purview of the Ministry of Health, and it has the remit of stock management of medical supplies (Article 19). ⁶²⁸ According to the Ministry of Health, CECOMA regularly supplies medicine and PPE for the provinces in Angola, particularly focused on primary healthcare. ⁶²⁹ CECOMA is responsible for the national supply chain and procurement of medicines and medical equipment and conducts the distribution and logistics to support warehouses around the country. ⁶³⁰

There is no further evidence of a stockpile of laboratory supplies on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁶³¹ ⁶³² ⁶³³

4.2.2c Annual review of national stockpile to ensure sufficient supply

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola requires an annual review of the national stockpile to ensure the supply is sufficient for a public health emergency.

The Medical Resources Procurement Center (CECOMA), established through Presidential Decree No. 269/14 of 22 September 2014, is under the purview of the Ministry of Health, and it has the remit of stock management of medical supplies (Article 19). ⁶³⁴ However, there is no mandate to conduct an annual review of the national stockpile. ⁶³⁵ Moreover, according to the Ministry of Health, CECOMA regularly supplies medicine and PPE for the provinces in Angola, particularly focused on primary healthcare, but there is no reference to its frequency. ⁶³⁶ CECOMA is responsible for the national supply chain and procurement of medicines and medical equipment and conducts the distribution and logistics to support warehouses around the country. ⁶³⁷

There is no evidence of such mandate on the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (2015). ⁶³⁸ However, the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "even though the country does not have a stockpile of medical countermeasures for national use during a public health emergency", the country has signed agreements with manufacturers and distributors, and there is available budget for purchase, shipping, and distribution of medical countermeasures and personal for response based on needs". ⁶³⁹

There is no further evidence of such mandate on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁶⁴⁰ ⁶⁴¹ ⁶⁴²

4.2.3 Manufacturing and procurement for emergencies

4.2.3a Plan/agreement to produce/procure medical supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 100

Angola has both a plan and an agreement to leverage public and private sector domestic manufacturing capacity to produce medical supplies.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), enacted by the Ministry of Health, includes a program of management, stock, logistics, and development of the pharmaceutical and medical supplies sector, which includes fostering domestic production of medicine. ⁶⁴³ The program seeks to ensure "permanent availability and improve access of the population to essential, safe, efficiency, good quality and cheap medicine and their rational use". ⁶⁴⁴ However, the PNDS acknowledges that the country still relies on import of medicine. ⁶⁴⁵ The measures include promoting national production of medicine and prioritize the purchase of locally-produced medicine in public procurement, and others. ⁶⁴⁶

In March 2025, the Private Investment and Export Promotion Agency (AIPEX) signed an agreement with the Brazilian company EMS, S.A., for the construction of a medicine and pharmaceutical supplies factory in Angola to "reduce medicine acquisition costs, create qualified jobs, and expand the export capacity of the Angolan pharmaceutical sector". ⁶⁴⁷

In addition, the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "even though the country does not have a stockpile of medical countermeasures for national use during a public health emergency", the country has signed agreements with manufacturers and distributors, and there is available budget for purchase, shipping, and distribution of medical countermeasures and personal for response based on needs". ⁶⁴⁸ It recommends the contry to ensure a stockpile of medical supplies for the use during a public health emergency. ⁶⁴⁹

4.2.3b Plan/agreement to produce/procure lab supplies during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has a plan or an agreement to leverage public and private sector domestic manufacturing capacity to produce laboratory supplies to be used during a public health emergency.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), enacted by the Ministry of Health, includes a program of management, stock, logistics, and development of the pharmaceutical and medical supplies sector, which includes fostering domestic production of medicine. ⁶⁵⁰ The program seeks to ensure "permanent availability and improve access of the population to essential, safe, efficiency, good quality and cheap medicine and their rational use". ⁶⁵¹ However, the PNDS acknowledges that the country still relies on import of medicine. ⁶⁵² The measures include promoting national production of medicine and prioritize the purchase of locally-produced medicine in public procurement, and others. ⁶⁵³ Nevertheless, the PNDS does not focus such efforts on the use during a public health emergency. ⁶⁵⁴

In addition, the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that "even though the country does not have a stockpile of medical countermeasures for national use during a public health emergency", the country has signed agreements with manufacturers and distributors, and there is available budget for purchase, shipping, and distribution of medical countermeasures and personal for response based on needs". ⁶⁵⁷ It recommends the contry to ensure a stockpile of medical supplies for the use during a public health emergency. ⁶⁵⁸

4.2.3c Mechanism emergency logistics and supply chain management

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has a system for national and subnational levels for emergency logistics and supply chain management. Even though it has a logistics system, it covers specific considerations such as cold chain management for vaccines, but not during public healthcare emergencies.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), cold chain management for vaccines is ensured, with over 500 cold chains in the country. ⁶⁵⁹ In regions with unstable access to electricity, the cold chain system operates with solar panels. ⁶⁶⁰ Moreover, the document underscores the existence of a plan to reinforce cold chain management, which is updated annually. ⁶⁶¹ Nevertheless, it does not specifically refer to public health emergencies. ⁶⁶²

The Medical Resources Procurement Center (CECOMA), established through Presidential Decree No. 269/14 of 22 September 2014, is under the purview of the Ministry of Health, and it has the remit of stock management of medical supplies (Article 19). ⁶⁶³ According to the Ministry of Health, CECOMA regularly supplies medicine and PPE for the provinces in Angola, particularly focused on primary healthcare. ⁶⁶⁴ CECOMA is responsible for the national supply chain and procurement of medicines and medical equipment and conducts the distribution and logistics to support warehouses around the country. ⁶⁶⁵ Nevertheless, it does not specifically refer to public health emergencies. ⁶⁶⁶ ⁶⁶⁷

CECOMA manages the Integrated Supply Chain Management System (SIGECA), which is used to track medicine and vaccines all over the country, understand how the demographical changes affect the supply change, especially for the health system, as well as ensure accurate decisions on the distribution. ⁶⁶⁸ The project was partially funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). ⁶⁶⁹ Nevertheless, it does not specifically refer to public health emergencies. ⁶⁷⁰

4.3 Medical countermeasures and personnel deployment

4.3.1 System for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

4.3.1a Plan/program/guidelines for dispensing MCMs during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has a plan in place for dispensing medical countermeasures (MCM) for national use during a public health emergency.

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) underscores that Angola has the capacity to activate and coordinate MCMs during a public health emergency, noting that the country has a plan outlining the procedures and decision-making processes regarding the dispatch and reception of MCMs during a public health emergency. ⁶⁷¹ The plan addresses regulatory aspects related to the request, acceptance, and reception of medicines or devices from international sources, and it also covers logistical aspects related to the dispatch, reception, and distribution of MCMs during such emergencies, coordinated through the Medical Resources Procurement Centre (CECOMA), with the participation of the National Directorate of Medicines, as well as security issues overseen by the General Health Inspectorate, the National Institute of Health Research (INIS), and the National Directorate of Medicines and Medical Equipment. ⁶⁷² However, with respect to the activation and coordination of health professionals during a public health emergency, Angola does not have a plan that specifies the procedures and decision-making processes. In particular, it lacks defined regulatory provisions governing the dispatch or reception of personnel, as well as responsibilities and financing mechanisms for staff during an international deployment. ⁶⁷³

CECOMA has publicly defended the development of a National Strategic Supply Management Plan (PNECA). ⁶⁷⁴

Nevertheless, the JEE does not mention the plan names, and there is no evidence that a plan or PNECA has been enacted on the official website of CECOMA, the Ministry of Health, or the Angolan legal database. ⁶⁷⁵ ⁶⁷⁶ ⁶⁷⁷

4.3.2 System for receiving foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

4.3.2a Plan to receive foreign health personnel during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a public plan in place to facilitate workforce surge in a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), Angola is part of certain regional and international personnel deployment agreements, such as the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank. ⁶⁷⁸ The document further indicates that the country has a pandemic preparedness plan, or other emergency preparedness frameworks, which include provisions for personnel deployment, for instance, the Ebola Preparedness Plan. ⁶⁷⁹ However, the document recommends the development of a dedicated plan that addresses security, financial, and training considerations for health personnel that may either be deployed abroad or received into the country during a public health emergency. ⁶⁸⁰

However, there is no evidence the Ebola Preparedness Plan is active. ⁶⁸¹ ⁶⁸² There is no further evidence of a public plan in place to facilitate workforce surge during a public health emergency. ⁶⁸³ ⁶⁸⁴

Neither the National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 nor the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015) specify strategies to facilitate workforce surge in a public health emergency. ⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁶

4.3.2b Plan to facilitate workforce surge in an emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has an established public plan in place to receive health personnel from other countries to respond to a public health emergency.

The JEE also points out that "with regard to a system for activating and coordinating health personnel during a public health emergency, the country does not have a plan setting out procedures and decision-making processes, including regulatory provisions for the deployment or reception of personnel, as well as responsibilities and financing arrangements for staff during an international assignment". ⁶⁸⁹

4.3.2c Plan to redeploy existing health personnel within the country

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a public plan in place to redeploy existing health personnel within the country.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), Angola is part of certain regional and international personnel deployment agreements, such as the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), with support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank. ⁶⁹¹ The document further indicates that the country has a pandemic preparedness plan, or other emergency preparedness frameworks, which include provisions for personnel deployment, for instance, the Ebola Preparedness Plan. ⁶⁹² However, the document recommends the development of a dedicated plan that addresses security, financial, and training considerations for health personnel that may either be deployed abroad or received into the country during a public health emergency. ⁶⁹³ There are no details on whether it includes redeployment guidelines. ⁶⁹⁴

However, there is no evidence the Ebola Preparedness Plan is active. ⁶⁹⁵ ⁶⁹⁶ There is no further evidence of a public plan in place to redeploy existing personnel within Angola during a public health emergency. ⁶⁹⁷ ⁶⁹⁸

GOARN is the WHO network of over 310 technical institutions and networks globally that respond to acute public health events with the deployment of staff and resources to affected countries. ⁶⁹⁹ Nevertheless, it is focused on external support, rather than redeployment within Angola. ⁷⁰⁰

Neither the National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 nor the National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015) specify strategies to redeploy existing health personnel within the country during a public health emergency. ⁷⁰¹ ⁷⁰²

4.4 Healthcare access

4.4.1 Access to healthcare

4.4.1a Constitutional guarantee of citizens’ right to medical care

Score: 75

There is evidence that Angola's constitution guarantees citizens' right to medical care.

Pursuant to Article 21, Section (F), of the Constitution of Angola (2010, lated amended in 2021), the State shall "promote the necessary measures to guarantee the access of all to medical and healthcare, as well as the right to care for children, mothers, invalidities, disabilities, old age and any situation of incapacity for work, in accordance with the law." ⁷⁰³

4.4.1b Access to skilled birth attendants (% of population)

Score: 26.47

4.4.1c Out-of-pocket health expenditures per capita, PPP (current international $)

Score: 91.95

4.4.1d Coverage of essential health services through universal health coverage

Score: 20.83

4.4.1e Total population pushed below a relative poverty line by household health expenditure (60% of media daily per capita consumption or income)

Score: 1.37

4.4.1f Rate of mortality amenable to health care

Score: 71.81

4.4.2 Paid medical leave

4.4.2a Guaranteed paid sick leave

Score: 66.67

In Angola, workers are guaranteed paid sick leave. However, there is no evidence that paid sick leave covers mental health problems.

Pursuant to Article 222, Section (1), Subsection (f), of the General Labour Law (Law No. 12 of 27 December 2023), workers are guaranteed paid sick leave. ⁷⁰⁴ In addition, Article 226 states that sick leave must be paid by the employer for a period of six months. ⁷⁰⁵ However, there is no reference to mental health. ⁷⁰⁶

4.4.3 Healthcare worker access to healthcare

4.4.3a Government prioritisation of care for healthcare workers during response

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has issued legislation, policies or public statements committing to provide prioritized healthcare services to healthcare workers who become sick as a result of responding to a public health emergency.

There is no evidence of such statements on the media outlets Jornal de Angola, Novo Jornal, OPaís, or Jornal Expansão. ⁷⁰⁷ ⁷⁰⁸ ⁷⁰⁹ ⁷¹⁰ There is no further evidence of such legislation, policy or public commitment on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁷¹¹ ⁷¹² ⁷¹³

4.5 Communications with healthcare workers during a public health emergency

4.5.1 Communication with healthcare workers

4.5.1a Existence of system for communication during a public health emergency

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), there is a National Commission for Civil Protection and Firefighters, which serves as the coordinating body for risk communication during large-scale emergencies, which has an intervention unit dedicated to risk communication during emergencies, with a functional structure at different levels of the National Health System, in collaboration with partners such as the Defence and Security Forces, health units, the Red Cross and Red Crescent, as well as governmental bodies, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), among others. ⁷¹⁴ However, there is no evidence of a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency, and the document points out that "there is no formal communication mechanism for a coordinated response in case of emergencies, in which security and health authorities are informed. ⁷¹⁵

There is no further evidence of such system on the official websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of the Interior. ⁷¹⁶ ⁷¹⁷

4.5.1b Inclusion of public and private sector in healthcare communication system

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), there is a National Commission for Civil Protection and Firefighters, which serves as the coordinating body for risk communication during large-scale emergencies, which has an intervention unit dedicated to risk communication during emergencies, with a functional structure at different levels of the National Health System, in collaboration with partners such as the Defence and Security Forces, health units, the Red Cross and Red Crescent, as well as governmental bodies, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), among others. ⁷¹⁸ However, there is no evidence of a system in place for public health officials and healthcare workers to communicate during a public health emergency, and the document points out that "there is no formal communication mechanism for a coordinated response in case of emergencies, in which security and health authorities are informed. ⁷¹⁹

There is no further evidence of such system on the official websites of the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of the Interior. ⁷²⁰ ⁷²¹

4.6 Infection control practices

4.6.1 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) monitoring

4.6.1a Evidence of national public health system monitoring and tracking of HCAIs

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola monitors or tracks the number of healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) that occur in healthcare facilities.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, does not have provisions to monitor or track the number of HCAI that occur in healthcare facilities. ⁷²² There is no mention of such actions on the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019). ⁷²³

There is no further evidence of such actions on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), and the National Statistics Institute (INE). ⁷²⁴ ⁷²⁵ ⁷²⁶ ⁷²⁷

4.6.1b Infection prevention and control programme

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an infection prevention and control program in place nationally.

According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), Angola does not have an infection prevention and control (IPC) program in place nationally. ⁷²⁸

Nevertheless, in June 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) team provided training for 140 healthcare professionals in epidemiological surveillance, clinical management, and infection prevention and control in Angola. ⁷²⁹

There is no further evidence of such program on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁷³⁰ ⁷³¹ ⁷³²

4.6.1c National plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has of a plan to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally.

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (PNDS) (2015), published by the Ministry of Health, does not have provisions to ensure a safe environment in health facilities nationally. ⁷³³ There is no mention of such plan on the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019). ⁷³⁴

Pursuant to Article 4 of Presidential Decree No. 136/21 of 2021, the Medicines and Health Technologies Regulatory Agency (ARMED) is responsible for licensing and supervising the exercise of pharmaceutical activity, pharmaceutical establishments, clinical analysis laboratories, quality control laboratories for medicines for human use and health technologies in the public, private and cooperative sectors, as well as carrying out inspections at ports, airports and other areas of entry and transit, production, storage, trade, service provision, distribution and use of medicines for human use, health technologies and clinical analyses. ⁷³⁵ However, there is no specific plan to ensure a safe environment. ⁷³⁶

There is no further evidence of such plan on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the National Health Research Institute (INIS), or ARMED. ⁷³⁷ ⁷³⁸ ⁷³⁹ ⁷⁴⁰

4.7 Capacity to test and approve new medical countermeasures

4.7.1 Regulatory process for clinical trials of unregistered interventions

4.7.1a Requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial

Score: 100

Angola has a national requirement for ethical review before beginning a clinical trial in Angola.

The National Health Research Institute (INIS) has established the INIS Ethics Committee (CEINIS), an independent, interdisciplinary consultative body created to safeguard the interests, integrity, and dignity of research participants. ⁷⁴¹ Its primary mission is to promote reflection on ethical issues arising from scientific research, issue recommendations, and raise public awareness of the importance of ethics. CEINIS may also contribute to the development of research in line with internationally recommended ethical standards. ⁷⁴²

CEINIS is responsible for evaluating and monitoring the ethical aspects of all health research involving human subjects, with the aim of safeguarding the dignity, rights, safety, and well-being of research participants. ⁷⁴³ However, its mandate remains unclear, as CEINIS is not mentioned in the INIS Statute (Presidential Decree No. 177/19 of 22 May 2019). ⁷⁴⁴

On 24 July 2025, Angola enacted Law No. 7/25, which established the Clinical and Biomedical Research Law. ⁷⁴⁵ In accordance with Article 6, all biomedical and clinical research must be conducted using a research protocol prepared by the main investigator or sponsor, and it must be approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee or, in its absence, by the National Committee for Bioethics in Human Research (CNBIS). ⁷⁴⁶ It also adds that authorization to conduct clinical trials and other acts, including modification and renewal, is granted by the Regulatory Agency for Medicines and Health Technologies (ARMED), subject to prior approval by the CNBIS, provided that there is scientific justification for the study, based on reliable preliminary data. ⁷⁴⁷

Pursuant to Article 9, the CNBIS is the Multidisciplinary Sectoral Committee, overseen by the Ministry of Health, responsible for approving research protocols, issuing statements for sending samples abroad for biomedical and clinical research purposes, and other legally mandated responsibilities, and Institutional Ethics Committees must adhere to CNBIS guidelines. ⁷⁴⁸

4.7.1b Expedited approval for clinical trials of unregistered MCMs during epidemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures to treat ongoing pandemics.

Pursuant to Article 21, Section (2), Subsection (r), of Presidential Decree No. 21/18 of 30 January 2018, the National Directorate of Drugs and Equipment of the Ministry of Health is responsible for overseeing the approval of new medical countermeasures (MCM). ⁷⁴⁹ However, there is no mention of expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered MCM to treat ongoing pandemics. ⁷⁵⁰

In accordance with article 10 of Presidential Decree No. 180 of 18 August 2010 (National Pharmaceutical Policy), the selection of medicines require proof of safety and efficiency based on clinical and epidemiological studies. ⁷⁵¹ Article 16 mandates that every new medicine introduced in Angola to be previously authorized by the Ministry of Health, in which those destined for clinical trials must present proof that the studies have been previously authorized, and other scientific documents with its results. ⁷⁵² There is no mention of an expedited process. ⁷⁵³

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) does not mention such expedited process. ⁷⁵⁴

There is no further evidence of such expedited process on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁷⁵⁵ ⁷⁵⁶ ⁷⁵⁷

4.7.2 Regulatory process for approving medical countermeasures

4.7.2a Existence of agency responsible for approving new human MCMs

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has a government agency responsible for approving new medical countermeasures for humans.

4.7.2b Expedited approval for human MCMs during public health emergencies

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola has an expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered medical countermeasures to treat ongoing pandemics.

Pursuant to Article 21, Section (2), Subsection (r), of Presidential Decree No. 21/18 of 30 January 2018, the National Directorate of Drugs and Equipment of the Ministry of Health is responsible for overseeing the approval of new medical countermeasures (MCM). ⁷⁵⁹ However, there is no mention of expedited process for approving clinical trials for unregistered MCM to treat ongoing pandemics. ⁷⁶⁰

In accordance with article 10 of Presidential Decree No. 180 of 18 August 2010 (National Pharmaceutical Policy), the selection of medicines require proof of safety and efficiency based on clinical and epidemiological studies. ⁷⁶¹ Article 16 mandates that every new medicine introduced in Angola to be previously authorized by the Ministry of Health, in which those destined for clinical trials must present proof that the studies have been previously authorized, and other scientific documents with its results. ⁷⁶² There is no mention of an expedited process. ⁷⁶³

The World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019) does not mention such expedited process. ⁷⁶⁴

Commitment to International Norms

5.1 IHR reporting compliance and disaster risk reduction

5.1.1 Official IHR reporting

5.1.1a Submission of IHR reports to the WHO in past year

Score: 100

Angola has submitted an IHR Self-Assessment Annual Report (SPAR) to the WHO for the last calendar year, with the latest submission in 2024.⁷⁶⁸

5.1.2 Integration of health into disaster risk reduction

5.1.2a Existence of specific risk reduction strategies for epidemics and pandemics

Score: 0

There is no evidence that pandemics are integrated into the national risk reduction strategy, nor is there a standalone national disaster risk reduction strategy for pandemics in Angola.

The National Plan for the Preparation, Contingency, Response and Recuperation from Calamities and Disasters 2014-2019 (2014) briefly mentions epidemics and states the necessity of epidemiological surveillance. However, no strategy or plan specifically dedicated to epidemics is outlined in the document. ⁷⁶⁹

The National Plan for Sanitary Development 2012-2025 (2015) lists key operational strategies to prevent and respond to public health emergencies involving pandemics. These strategies include reinforcing provincial and municipal multi-sector teams to address prevention and response to emergencies, improving the capacity to provide early alerts and response to disasters, and maintaining regular bulletins to monitor issues related to public health emergencies. However, the document is neither a risk reduction strategy, nor a standalone national disaster reduction strategy. ⁷⁷⁰

Presidential Decree No. 30/16 of 3 February 2016, which approved the "Strategic Plan for Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction", lays out the strategies for responding to disasters. However, there is no evidence that pandemics are integrated into the national risk reduction strategy, nor is there a standalone national disaster risk reduction strategy for pandemics. ⁷⁷¹

There is no further evidence of such plan on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁷⁷³ ⁷⁷⁴ ⁷⁷⁵

5.2 Cross-border agreements on public health and animal health emergency response

5.2.1 Cross-border agreements

5.2.1a Existence of public health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 100

Angola has cross-border agreements, protocols, or MOUs with neighboring countries, or as part of a regional group, regarding public health emergencies.

Angola is a member of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) and participates in the "Communique on Cross-Border Coordination, Partnerships, and Communication for Ebola Virus Disease Preparedness in At-Risk Member States." This communique prompted several actions to address the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) on 21 October 2019. ⁷⁷⁶

Angola is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), whose members are signatories to the 1999 Protocol on Health. Article 3, Item B, of the document states that one of the protocol's objectives is to coordinate regional efforts on epidemic preparedness, mapping, prevention, control, and, where possible, the eradication of communicable and non-communicable diseases. ⁷⁷⁷

Angola and Zambia signed a memorandum for sharing information, assistance, promoting health campaigns in border regions of the two countries, and strengthen border control in case of outbreaks of cholera and malaria. Furthermore, Angola and DRC have signed a memorandum for collaboration in epidemiological surveillance, laboratory support, case treatments, vaccination, and the management of epidemics in the region.

5.2.1b Existence of animal health emergency agreements with regional neighbors

Score: 0

There is no evidence Angola has cross-border agreements, protocols, or MOUs with neighboring countries, or as part of a regional group, regarding animal health emergencies.

Angola and Zambia signed a memorandum for sharing information, assistance, promoting health campaigns in border regions of the two countries, and strengthen border control in case of outbreaks of cholera and malaria. ⁷⁸² Furthermore, Angola and DRC have signed a memorandum for collaboration in epidemiological surveillance, laboratory support, case treatments, vaccination, and the management of epidemics in the region. ⁷⁸³ However, there is no specific mention of animal health emergencies. ⁷⁸⁴ ⁷⁸⁵

5.3 International commitments

5.3.1 Participation in international agreements

5.3.1a Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention status

Score: 100

Angola is a signatory member of the e Biological Weapons Convention.

Angola has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention on 26 July 2016 by accession. ⁷⁸⁶

5.3.1b Submission of CBMs to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

Score: 100

Angola submitted a Biological Weapons Convention confidence building measures in the past three years.

Angola submitted the confidence building measures in 2024 and 2025. ⁷⁸⁷

5.3.1c Submission of UNSCR 1540 reports

Score: 100

Angola has provided the required United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540 report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (1540 Committee).

THe country submitted the required document on 27 October 2004. ⁷⁸⁸

5.3.1d Extent of UNSCR 1540 implementation on public health emergencies

Score: 0

5.3.2 Voluntary memberships

5.3.2a Membership in global health security and/or biological weapons agreements

Score: 0

Angola is a member of the Proliferation Security Initiative. However, it is not a member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, or the Australia Group.

There is no evidence that Angola is member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction (GP). ⁷⁸⁹ There is no evidence that Angola is member of Australia Group. ⁷⁹⁰

Angola is a member of Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). ⁷⁹¹

5.4 JEE and PVS

5.4.1 Completion and publication of a JEE assessment and gap analysis

5.4.1a Completion and publication of JEE (or GHSA pilot external assessment) report

Score: 0

Angola has not completed a Joint External Evaluation (JEE) and published a full public report in the last five years.

Angola conducted a World Health Organization Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in 2023, but the report was not published. A JEE was conducted in 2019, and its report is publicly available. ⁷⁹²

5.4.2 Completion and publication of a PVS assessment and gap analysis

5.4.2a Completion and publication of PVS report (past five years)

Score: 0

Angola has not submitted the Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) assessment in the last five years.

There is no evidence of a PVS on the PVS Reports database of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).⁷⁹³ It conducted a PVS Evaluation (initial) in 2012. ⁷⁹⁴

5.4.2b Completion and publication of PVS gap analysis (past five years)

Score: 0

Angola has not submitted the Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years.

There is no evidence of a PVS gap analysis on the PVS Reports database of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).⁷⁹⁵ The last PVS gap analysis conducted was in 2014. ⁷⁹⁶

5.5 Financing

5.5.1 National financing for epidemic preparedness

5.5.1a Evidence of allocated national funds to improve capacity to address epidemic threats

Score: 0

There is no evidence that the country has allocated national funds to improve capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats within the past three years.

There is no evidence of such on the official websites of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finances, the General Tax Authority, or the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁷⁹⁷ ⁷⁹⁸ ⁷⁹⁹ ⁸⁰⁰

5.5.2 Financing under JEE and PVS reports and gap analyses

5.5.2a National budget to address gaps identified in JEE, NAPHS or GHSA roadmap

Score: 0

There is no evidence that Angola's last Joint External Evaluation (JEE) report describes specific funding from the national budget to address identified gaps.

Angola conducted its last Joint External Evaluation (JEE) in 2023, but the full report was not published. ⁸⁰¹ According to the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities for Angola (2019), there are budget lines in place for disease surveillance and control, as well as mechanisms for the rapid allocation of resources in the context of emergencies and disasters. However, “the same does not apply to routine activities under the IHR, since their financing comes directly from the General State Budget, with no dedicated line for its implementation. As a result, the prioritisation of general activities is left to the discretion of each service, meaning that IHR-related activities may or may not be considered a priority, which prevents the assurance of sustained implementation.” ⁸⁰²

5.5.2b National budget to address gaps identified in PVS assessment or gap analysis

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a specific funding from the national budget to address the identified gaps by the Performance of Veterinary Services.

Angola has not completed and published a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) gap analysis in the last five years. The last gap analysis was conducted in 2014 and its has not been published. ⁸⁰³

The National Development Plan 2023-2027 states in its Project 33, Priority 33.6.1, the expansion of veterinary services boarder and in the biggest livestock production regions of the country. However, there is no mention of a specific funding from the national budget to address identified gaps by the Performance of Veterinary Services. ⁸⁰⁴

5.5.3 Financing for emergency response

5.5.3a Emergency public financing during a public health emergency

Score: 100

There is no evidence of a specific funding from the national budget to address the identified gaps by the Performance of Veterinary Services.

The National Development Plan 2023-2027 states in its Project 33, Priority 33.6.1, the expansion of veterinary services boarder and in the bigest livestock production regions of the country. However, there is no mention of a specific funding from the national budget to address identified gaps by the Performance of Veterinary Services.

5.5.4 Accountability for international commitments to address epidemic threats

5.5.4a Commitments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that senior leaders in Angola have made a public commitment to improve the country's domestic capacity to address pandemic or epidemic threats by providing financing or support.

In December 2024, the Minister of Health, Sílvia Paula Valentim Lutucuta, committed Angola to continue the reinforcement of the National Health System to provide "proper response to epidemics or natural disasters". ⁸⁰⁶

5.5.4b Investments to improve domestic or foreign capacity for epidemic threats

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has received and invested donor funds to improve its own domestic capacity to address epidemic threats in the past three years. There is also evidence that Angola has supported other countries in improving their capacity to address epidemic threats in the past three years.

In April 2024, Angola requested continuous funding from the World Bank to strengthen health systems in Central Africa, including USD 60 million to Angola. ⁸⁰⁷ The Minister of Health of Angola reported that the region has the second largest forest in the world, which demanded care as forests could be reservoirs of infectious diseases. ⁸⁰⁸

Moreover, Angola received USD 3.6 million from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative through the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) to assist in the response to a polio outbreak in the Benguela province. ⁸⁰⁹

In May 2025, it was reported that Angola was set to receive EUR 440 million (USD 515 million) from the WHO Pandemic Fund to strengthen its healthcare system, which would be allocated to improve early warning and disease surveillance systems, human and animal laboratory capabilities, and the strengthening of human resources and communities in both rural and urban contexts. ⁸¹⁰

Likewise, Angola has provided other countries with financing to improve capacity to address epidemic threats. In May 2025, Angola announced a contribution of USD 8 million to the WHO Global Investment Round, highlighting the importance of collective action to face common challenges, such as pandemics, epidemic outbreaks, and unequal access to healthcare services. ⁸¹¹

5.5.4c Evidence that the country has fulfilled its full WHO contribution within the past two years

Score: 100

There is evidence that Angola has fulfilled its full contribution to the World Health Organization (WHO) within the past two years.

According to the latest available statement of the World Health Organization (January 2025), Angola has paid its assessed contributions for 2024 and 2025. ⁸¹² In 2024 and 2025, the assessed contributions amounted to USD 118,830, in which the country paid USD 57,420 in 2024 and USD 57,410 in 2025. ⁸¹³ Angola is up to date with payments for previous years (2022-2023). ⁸¹⁴

5.6 Commitment to sharing of genetic & biological data & specimens

5.6.1 Commitment to share data and specimens in emergency/non-emergency research

5.6.1a Sharing of genetic/biological data and materials beyond influenza

Score: 0

There is no evidence of a publicly available plan or policy for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, and/or isolated specimens (biological materials) along with the associated epidemiological data with international organizations and/or other countries that goes beyond influenza.

As per Decree No. 92/04 of 14 December 2004, which regulated transgenic seeds and grains, the import of genetically modified is prohibited, except in regulated instances. ⁸¹⁵ However, there is no mention of sharing genetic data or clinical specimens. ⁸¹⁶

Angola and Zambia signed a memorandum for sharing information, assistance, promoting health campaigns in border regions of the two countries, and strengthen border control in case of outbreaks of cholera and malaria, but no plan or legislation for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, or isolated specimens (biological materials) along with the associated epidemiological data. ⁸¹⁷ Furthermore, Angola and DRC have signed a memorandum for collaboration in epidemiological surveillance, laboratory support, case treatments, vaccination, and the management of epidemics in the region, but no mention for sharing genetic data, clinical specimens, or isolated specimens (biological materials) along with the associated epidemiological data. ⁸¹⁸

There is no evidence of such plan on the Angolan legislative database, or the official websites of the Ministry of Health, and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁸¹⁹ ⁸²⁰ ⁸²¹

5.6.1b Evidence of non-compliance with sample sharing element of PIP framework

Score: 100

There is no evidence that Angola has not shared samples in accordance with the PIP framework in the past two years.

There is no evidence that Angola failed to share samples in accordance with the PIP framework on the Advisory Group Annual Report fo the Director -General (2024). ⁸²² There is no evidence that the country failed to share samples on the official website of the World Health Organization (WHO). ⁸²³ There is no evidence on the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Annual Progress report, 1 January – 31 December 2024 (2025) either. ⁸²⁴

5.6.1c Evidence of non-sharing of pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak

Score: 100

There is no evidence that the country has not shared pandemic pathogen samples during an outbreak in the past two years.

There is no evidence of such on the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Research Institute (INIS). ⁸²⁵ ⁸²⁶

Risk Environment

6.1 Political and security risk

6.1.1 Government effectiveness

6.1.1a Policy formation

Score: 50

6.1.1b Quality of bureaucracy

Score: 25

6.1.1c Excessive bureaucracy/red tape

Score: 0

6.1.1d Vested interests/cronyism

Score: 25

6.1.1e Corruption

Score: 32

6.1.1f Accountability of public officials

Score: 0

6.1.1g Human rights risk

Score: 25

6.1.2 Orderly transfers of power

6.1.2a Orderly transfers of power

Score: 75

6.1.3 Risk of social unrest

6.1.3a Risk of social unrest

Score: 0

6.1.4 Illicit activities by non-state actors

6.1.4a Risk of terrorism

Score: 75

6.1.4b Level of illicit arms flows within the country

Score: 50

6.1.4c Risk of organized criminal activity

Score: 25

6.1.5 Armed conflict

6.1.5a Presence or risk of armed conflict

Score: 75

6.1.6 Government territorial control

6.1.6a Government territorial control

Score: 100

6.1.7 International tensions

6.1.7a International tensions

Score: 50

6.2 Socio-economic resilience

6.2.1 Literacy

6.2.1a Adult literacy rate (15+ years old, both sexes)

Score: 70.1

6.2.2 Gender equality

6.2.2a UNDP Gender Inequality Index score

Score: 36.9

6.2.3 Social inclusion

6.2.3a Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%)

Score: 61.27

6.2.3b Share of employment in the informal sector

Score: 0

6.2.3c Coverage of social insurance programs (% of population)

Score: 33.33

6.2.4 Public confidence in government

6.2.4a Public confidence in government

Score: 100

6.2.5 Local media and reporting

6.2.5a Robust, open, diverse local media and reporting

Score: 0

6.2.6 Inequality

6.2.6a Gini coefficient

Score: 48.7

6.3 Infrastructure adequacy

6.3.1 Adequacy of road network

6.3.1a Adequacy of road network

Score: 25

6.3.2 Adequacy of airports

6.3.2a Adequacy of airports

Score: 50

6.3.3 Adequacy of power network

6.3.3a Adequacy of power network

Score: 50

6.4 Environmental risks

6.4.1 Urbanisation

6.4.1a Urban population (% of total population)

Score: 28.93

6.4.2 Land use

6.4.2a Change in forest area (percentage points)

Score: 23.71

6.4.3 Natural disaster risk

6.4.3a Natural disaster risk

Score: 50

6.5 Public health vulnerabilities

6.5.1 Access to quality healthcare

6.5.1a Total life expectancy (years)

Score: 46.06

6.5.1b NCD mortality rate

Score: 50.99

6.5.1c Population aged 65+

Score: 92.18

6.5.1d Tobacco use (% of adults)

Score: 99.1

6.5.1e Level of adult obesity (%)

Score: 76.94

6.5.1f Age-standardised prevalence of mental health disorders (per 100 000 people)

Score: 52.71

6.5.2 Access to potable water and sanitation

6.5.2a Access to potable water

Score: 67.96

6.5.2b Access to at least basic sanitation facilities

Score: 46.93

6.5.2c Percentage of health-care facilities with no access to any electricity supply

Score: 0

6.5.3 Public healthcare spending levels per capita

6.5.3a Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (PPP)

Score: 9.48

6.5.4 Trust in medical and health advice

6.5.4a Trust medical and health advice from the government

Score: 50

6.5.4b Trust medical and health advice from medical workers

Score: 50

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